Peter T. Daniels wrote:

> On Thursday, December 16, 2021 at 6:44:26 PM UTC-5, Peter Moylan wrote:
>> On 17/12/21 02:39, Adam Funk wrote:
>> > On 2021-12-16, Peter T. Daniels wrote:
>> >> On Wednesday, December 15, 2021 at 6:03:02 PM UTC-5, Quinn C
>> >> wrote:

>> >>> When I look at the two words "schweißen" and "schwitzen", and
>> >>> know they're related, then the phonetic differences between them
>> >>> are of the kind that you find between a base verb and its
>> >>> causative (fall - fell, to give one of the very few surviving
>> >>> examples in English.)
>> >> There are more examples than non-etymologists realize, such as sit
>> >> and set, drink and drench; and others where the grammar has
>> >> wandered
>> > lay/lie (depending on how you use them!)
>> >> away but the relationship is the same, e.g. stink and stench.
>> >> Ablaut was pervasive in IE and Gmc (o-grade, e-grade, zero-grade).
>>
>> Lay/lie is a good example of a distinction that has almost been lost.
>> There's hardly anyone under 60 who understands the distinction.

> You're lying!

> I wonder why <lieing> didn't catch on for one or the other to differentiate
> the homophones.

>> English has lost most of its causative verbs, and the remainder won't
>> last much longer.

i'd add Sci.Lang later.

Some common causative verbs are let, make, get, have, and help. Causative verbs are used when one person or thing is a stimulus that enables or causes someone or something else to carry out the main action in a sentence. The causative verb made is used in: Mom made Sara eat the broccoli.

What are the 5 causative sentences?
There are five main verbs we use in causative sentences in English: have, get, make, let and help. We use these verbs to say that someone or something causes something to happen. We can use them in the past, present and future tenses.

------------- they are not more common in German or French ???

Paul Epstein Dec 7, 2021, 2:55:20 PM

About thirty years ago, while playing chess in a cafe, my opponent irritated
me intensely by saying "On guard" whenever he attacked my queen.
(Admittedly, part of my irritation may have been due to the fact that I was
losing.) In an attempt to shut him up, I finally said "What are you guarding?"
and he replied (something like) "That's what Mexicans say when they attack
your queen." [Presumably, he was Mexican.] Is that really something
Mexicans say? I've googled this and I see no evidence that Mexicans
say this any more often than other chess players. There are various
rarely used and antiquated expressions that have been used when a player's
queen is attacked but I'm sceptical that this is any way a Mexican thing.

Any other opinions on this?

Thank You, Paul Epstein

____________________________________________________

Quinn C Dec 7, 2021, 3:09:20 PM to * Paul Epstein:

I learned to say "Gardez!", in German, when attacking the queen, just as
we said "Schach!" when attacking the king. Neither is part of tournament rules.

Mexicans might actually say a Spanish version of it. It wouldn't be
unusual to say "Mexicans say that" even when relating to a different language version.