none <albert@cherry.> wrote:
> I'm sitting on a heap of germanium transistors. From the time that
> computers made of discrete germanium transistors were decommissioned.
> Also 10 mm and 6 mm ferrite core.
> Can I make on oscillator, that runs on 1V , preferably using
> coils ? (Also trying to use LTSpice for the first time.)
> I can measure inductance of coils thanks to the miracle component
> testers from China.
>
> Groetjes Albert

Yes, but at 1V even regular silicon transistors can be used ( at least at
normal temperatures).

This reminds me I picked up some AF379 transistors out of curiosity- they
are plastic encapsulated germanium with Ft of 1.2GHz - had vague plans of
making a UHF GDO running of a single AA cell.

--
piglet

Joe Gwinn <joegwinn@comcast.net> wrote:

> I don't know the origin. Not German. Nor Icelandic (which is
> basically Old Norse). But it is true in Norwegian, and Danish.

I had a feeling the O/P was Dutch.

--
~ Liz Tuddenham ~
(Remove the ".invalid"s and add ".co.uk" to reply)
www.poppyrecords.co.uk

On 1/7/24 08:11, Jan Panteltje wrote:
> On a sunny day (Sat, 6 Jan 2024 23:15:07 +0100) it happened Jeroen Belleman
> <jeroen@nospam.please> wrote in <uncjc2$p3ru$1@dont-email.me>:
>
>> On 1/6/24 17:13, John Larkin wrote:
>>> On Sat, 06 Jan 2024 14:50:17 GMT, Jan Panteltje <alien@comet.invalid>
>>> wrote:
>>>
>>>> On a sunny day (Sat, 06 Jan 2024 14:31:49 +0100) it happened
>>>> albert@cherry.(none) (albert) wrote in
>>>> <nnd$30302dcf$1e37b7a5@bbcc4a9e0386ea66>:
>>>>
>>>>> I'm sitting on a heap of germanium transistors. From the time that
>>>>> computers made of discrete germanium transistors were decommissioned.
>>>>> Also 10 mm and 6 mm ferrite core.
>>>>> Can I make on oscillator, that runs on 1V , preferably using
>>>>> coils ?
>>>>
>>>> Yes, Ge transistors start conducting from 150 mV Vbe to maybe 300 mV, so much less than Si .7 V,
>>>> Any LC oscillator will work.
>>>> Tuned circuit LC in the collector, feedback 1 turn (correct phase) to the base?
>>>>
>>>
>>> Or something like this
>>>
>>> https://ecstudiosystems.com/discover/textbooks/basic-electronics/oscillators/images/colpitts-oscillator.jpg
>>>
>>> except it needs a power supply.
>>>
>>> We were just discussing source-follower Colpitts oscillators yesterday
>>> and concluded that we don't understand them.
>>>
>>
>> To first order, it doesn't really matter which terminal you select
>> to be at AC GND.
>>
>> The active device has gain -S*Ui*Zl, with Zl being a tank circuit.
>> Ui is derived from a tap on that tank, which allows you to work
>> out the loop gain. The loop gain needs to be unity at the tank
>> resonance. (Usually a bit greater, until some non-linearity at
>> large amplitude reduces it to unity.)
>>
>> In the picture you referred to above, Zl is the series combination
>> of L and C2, with C1 in parallel across both. Ui is the voltage
>> across C2. They way it is drawn doesn't really help. It's the same
>> circuit, but I prefer to draw it like this:
>> +-----+-----+
>> | | |
>> L | |
>> | d |
>> +----g = C1
>> | s |
>> = C2 | |
>> | | |
>> +-----+-----+
>> Substitute cbe for dgs if you want, it's the same thing.
>
> When frequencies get higher:
> https://panteltje.online/pub/2.4GHz_twisted_oscillator_IMG_3629.GIF
> panteltje.online/pub/twisted_wire_oscillator_IMG_6629.JPG
> John Larking may like that :-)
> But the OP's Ge transistors will likely not go that high.

Nice. Apart from the gimmick, the reactive components seem to be
layout and component parasitics. That always makes me uncomfortable,
because it makes it hard to reproduce reliably.

I'd guess the gimmick is still capacitive at 2.4GHz?

Jeroen Belleman

In article <d9b943f7-d22a-446e-922f-4cbcf9073299n@googlegroups.com>,
Anthony William Sloman <bill.sloman@ieee.org> wrote:
>On Sunday, January 7, 2024 at 2:07:40 AM UTC+11, none albert wrote:
>> In article <unbpba$35rk$1...@solani.org>,
>> Jan Panteltje <al...@comet.invalid> wrote:
>> >On a sunny day (Sat, 06 Jan 2024 14:31:49 +0100) it happened
>> >albert@cherry.(none) (albert) wrote in
>> ><nnd$30302dcf$1e37b7a5@bbcc4a9e0386ea66>:
>> >
>> >>I'm sitting on a heap of germanium transistors. From the time that
>> >>computers made of discrete germanium transistors were decommissioned.
>> >>Also 10 mm and 6 mm ferrite core.
>> >>Can I make on oscillator, that runs on 1V , preferably using
>> >>coils ?
>> >
>> >Yes, Ge transistors start conducting from 150 mV Vbe to maybe 300 mV, so much less than Si .7 V,
>> >Any LC oscillator will work.
>> >Tuned circuit LC in the collector, feedback 1 turn (correct phase) to the base?
>> That sounds trivial. It is trivial. Not for me.
>> I need a schematic to build. Surely there must be some current into the base
>> for startup?
>
>You could try the Baxandall class-D oscillator
>
>http://sophia-elektronica.com/Baxandall1959JM.pdf
>
>but pay attention to the footnote on page 752. You'll have to chose turns ratios that give you enough base drive, but your should be able to put something
>together that runs from a 1V supply voltage if you are using germanium transistors.
>
>Inverted transistors offer very low collector saturation voltage, so you might get away with less than a volt, if you swapped collector and emitters but you
>do need enough supply voltage to turn the bases on.

Thanks, that should be enough to get me going.

>Bill Sloman, Sydney
Groetjes Albert
--
Don't praise the day before the evening. One swallow doesn't make spring.
You must not say "hey" before you have crossed the bridge. Don't sell the
hide of the bear until you shot it. Better one bird in the hand than ten in
the air. First gain is a cat spinning. - the Wise from Antrim -

In article <1qmx7n9.x80ybk1jx7h1cN%liz@poppyrecords.invalid.invalid>,
Liz Tuddenham <liz@poppyrecords.invalid.invalid> wrote:
>albert <albert@cherry.(none)> wrote:
>
>[...]
>
>I realise this is completely off-topic but in your signature I see:
>"First gain is a cat spinning. ". This is an expression I have never
>heard before, could you tell me what it means?

That is a translation error. Meant is a "cat purring".
Thanks for pointing this out.
[The "Wijze van Antrim" actually exists, in Dutch literature.]

>~ Liz Tuddenham ~

Groetjes Albert
--
Don't praise the day before the evening. One swallow doesn't make spring.
You must not say "hey" before you have crossed the bridge. Don't sell the
hide of the bear until you shot it. Better one bird in the hand than ten in
the air. First gain is a cat purring. - the Wise from Antrim -

In article <undq99$11a8a$1@dont-email.me>,
piglet <erichpwagner@hotmail.com> wrote:
>none <albert@cherry.> wrote:
>> I'm sitting on a heap of germanium transistors. From the time that
>> computers made of discrete germanium transistors were decommissioned.
>> Also 10 mm and 6 mm ferrite core.
>> Can I make on oscillator, that runs on 1V , preferably using
>> coils ? (Also trying to use LTSpice for the first time.)
>> I can measure inductance of coils thanks to the miracle component
>> testers from China.
>>
>> Groetjes Albert
>
>Yes, but at 1V even regular silicon transistors can be used ( at least at
>normal temperatures).

Once the oscillator works I intend to lower the voltage. That is the
one of the experiments I want to do.

On the other matter, I do not necessarily mean a sine oscillator.
Anything goes, I hear oscillators based on core saturation.
This probably means that I have to use rather small ring cores?

>--
>piglet
--
Don't praise the day before the evening. One swallow doesn't make spring.
You must not say "hey" before you have crossed the bridge. Don't sell the
hide of the bear until you shot it. Better one bird in the hand than ten in
the air. First gain is a cat purring. - the Wise from Antrim -

On a sunny day (Sun, 7 Jan 2024 11:04:10 +0100) it happened Jeroen Belleman
<jeroen@nospam.please> wrote in <undstf$11lgp$1@dont-email.me>:

>On 1/7/24 08:11, Jan Panteltje wrote:
>> On a sunny day (Sat, 6 Jan 2024 23:15:07 +0100) it happened Jeroen Belleman
>> <jeroen@nospam.please> wrote in <uncjc2$p3ru$1@dont-email.me>:
>>
>>> On 1/6/24 17:13, John Larkin wrote:
>>>> On Sat, 06 Jan 2024 14:50:17 GMT, Jan Panteltje <alien@comet.invalid>
>>>> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>> On a sunny day (Sat, 06 Jan 2024 14:31:49 +0100) it happened
>>>>> albert@cherry.(none) (albert) wrote in
>>>>> <nnd$30302dcf$1e37b7a5@bbcc4a9e0386ea66>:
>>>>>
>>>>>> I'm sitting on a heap of germanium transistors. From the time that
>>>>>> computers made of discrete germanium transistors were decommissioned.
>>>>>> Also 10 mm and 6 mm ferrite core.
>>>>>> Can I make on oscillator, that runs on 1V , preferably using
>>>>>> coils ?
>>>>>
>>>>> Yes, Ge transistors start conducting from 150 mV Vbe to maybe 300 mV, so much less than Si .7 V,
>>>>> Any LC oscillator will work.
>>>>> Tuned circuit LC in the collector, feedback 1 turn (correct phase) to the base?
>>>>>
>>>>
>>>> Or something like this
>>>>
>>>> https://ecstudiosystems.com/discover/textbooks/basic-electronics/oscillators/images/colpitts-oscillator.jpg
>>>>
>>>> except it needs a power supply.
>>>>
>>>> We were just discussing source-follower Colpitts oscillators yesterday
>>>> and concluded that we don't understand them.
>>>>
>>>
>>> To first order, it doesn't really matter which terminal you select
>>> to be at AC GND.
>>>
>>> The active device has gain -S*Ui*Zl, with Zl being a tank circuit.
>>> Ui is derived from a tap on that tank, which allows you to work
>>> out the loop gain. The loop gain needs to be unity at the tank
>>> resonance. (Usually a bit greater, until some non-linearity at
>>> large amplitude reduces it to unity.)
>>>
>>> In the picture you referred to above, Zl is the series combination
>>> of L and C2, with C1 in parallel across both. Ui is the voltage
>>> across C2. They way it is drawn doesn't really help. It's the same
>>> circuit, but I prefer to draw it like this:
>>> +-----+-----+
>>> | | |
>>> L | |
>>> | d |
>>> +----g = C1
>>> | s |
>>> = C2 | |
>>> | | |
>>> +-----+-----+
>>> Substitute cbe for dgs if you want, it's the same thing.
>>
>> When frequencies get higher:
>> https://panteltje.online/pub/2.4GHz_twisted_oscillator_IMG_3629.GIF
>> panteltje.online/pub/twisted_wire_oscillator_IMG_6629.JPG
>> John Larking may like that :-)
>> But the OP's Ge transistors will likely not go that high.
>
>Nice. Apart from the gimmick, the reactive components seem to be
>layout and component parasitics. That always makes me uncomfortable,
>because it makes it hard to reproduce reliably.
>
>I'd guess the gimmick is still capacitive at 2.4GHz?

Good question.
You need a 180 degrees phase shift somehow
partly inductive with capacitive coupling?
Could also be the resistors used have some inductance
I did read about it somewhere, so tried it, very stable, cut it a bit shorter for higher frequencies,
comes out 1/8 wavelength in this case.
You can also do it with some crystal, I use it all the time, to drive into a HCT for example.=:
https://panteltje.online/pub/6MHz_xtal_oscillator.gif
https://panteltje.online/panteltje/raspberry_pi_dvb-s_transmitter/

On 7/01/2024 10:28 pm, albert wrote:
> In article <undq99$11a8a$1@dont-email.me>,
> piglet <erichpwagner@hotmail.com> wrote:
>> none <albert@cherry.> wrote:
>>> I'm sitting on a heap of germanium transistors. From the time that
>>> computers made of discrete germanium transistors were decommissioned.
>>> Also 10 mm and 6 mm ferrite core.
>>> Can I make on oscillator, that runs on 1V , preferably using
>>> coils ? (Also trying to use LTSpice for the first time.)
>>> I can measure inductance of coils thanks to the miracle component
>>> testers from China.
>>>
>>> Groetjes Albert
>>
>> Yes, but at 1V even regular silicon transistors can be used ( at least at
>> normal temperatures).
>
> Once the oscillator works I intend to lower the voltage. That is the
> one of the experiments I want to do.
>
> On the other matter, I do not necessarily mean a sine oscillator.
> Anything goes, I hear oscillators based on core saturation.
> This probably means that I have to use rather small ring cores?

There are oscillators based on core saturation.
The original Royer inverter paper envisaged an inverter that relied on
driving the core into saturation alternately in each direction, but
letting the switching transistorx run out of drive worked rather better.

Any ferromagnetic core material will saturate at a high enough flux -
there's nothing special about a ring core except that you get less
cross-section to saturate for every gram of relatively expensive ferrite
that you buy.

It's pretty horribly temperature dependent, so you don't get a stable
oscillation frequency.

--
Bill Sloman, Sydney

albert <albert@cherry.(none)> wrote:

> In article <1qmx7n9.x80ybk1jx7h1cN%liz@poppyrecords.invalid.invalid>,
> Liz Tuddenham <liz@poppyrecords.invalid.invalid> wrote:
> >albert <albert@cherry.(none)> wrote:
> >
> >[...]
> >
> >I realise this is completely off-topic but in your signature I see:
> >"First gain is a cat spinning. ". This is an expression I have never
> >heard before, could you tell me what it means?
>
> That is a translation error. Meant is a "cat purring".
> Thanks for pointing this out.
> [The "Wijze van Antrim" actually exists, in Dutch literature.]

Thanks, does it mean something like: "You know you are winning when the
cat begins to purr"?

It is always interesting to see wise sayings from other languages.
Dutch seems to be particularly rich in these - the Dutch sense of humour
is very similar to a certain type of English humour that appeals to me.

--
~ Liz Tuddenham ~
(Remove the ".invalid"s and add ".co.uk" to reply)
www.poppyrecords.co.uk

Bill Sloman <bill.sloman@ieee.org> wrote:

[...]
> Any ferromagnetic core material will saturate at a high enough flux -
> there's nothing special about a ring core except that you get less
> cross-section to saturate for every gram of relatively expensive ferrite
> that you buy.

....and no air gap.

--
~ Liz Tuddenham ~
(Remove the ".invalid"s and add ".co.uk" to reply)
www.poppyrecords.co.uk

On 07/01/2024 15:07, Liz Tuddenham wrote:
> Bill Sloman <bill.sloman@ieee.org> wrote:
>
> [...]
>> Any ferromagnetic core material will saturate at a high enough flux -
>> there's nothing special about a ring core except that you get less
>> cross-section to saturate for every gram of relatively expensive ferrite
>> that you buy.
>
> ...and no air gap.

Except when it's distributed.

--
Cheers
Clive

On 07.01.24 8:22, Jan Panteltje wrote:
> On a sunny day (Sat, 06 Jan 2024 16:07:25 +0100) it happened
> albert@cherry.(none) (albert) wrote in
> <nnd$6c23b994$17dc2f93@4e33c84aa30fc7d3>:
>
>> In article <unbpba$35rk$1@solani.org>,
>> Jan Panteltje <alien@comet.invalid> wrote:
>>> On a sunny day (Sat, 06 Jan 2024 14:31:49 +0100) it happened
>>> albert@cherry.(none) (albert) wrote in
>>> <nnd$30302dcf$1e37b7a5@bbcc4a9e0386ea66>:
>>>
>>>> I'm sitting on a heap of germanium transistors. From the time that
>>>> computers made of discrete germanium transistors were decommissioned.
>>>> Also 10 mm and 6 mm ferrite core.
>>>> Can I make on oscillator, that runs on 1V , preferably using
>>>> coils ?
>>>
>>> Yes, Ge transistors start conducting from 150 mV Vbe to maybe 300 mV, so much less than Si .7 V,
>>> Any LC oscillator will work.
>>> Tuned circuit LC in the collector, feedback 1 turn (correct phase) to the base?
>>
>> That sounds trivial. It is trivial. Not for me.
>> I need a schematic to build. Surely there must be some current into the base
>> for startup?
>>
>> Groetjes Albert
>
> https://panteltje.online/pub/8052AH_BASIC_computer/dc_dc_converter_detail/5V_to_30V_converter.jpg
>
Could you possibly show a worse picture?
Jikes.........

On a sunny day (Sun, 07 Jan 2024 17:25:09 +0100) it happened Sjouke Burry
<burrynulnulfour@ppllaanneett.nnll> wrote in
<nnd$238e9a43$642d654d@e464b406226d1a39>:

>On 07.01.24 8:22, Jan Panteltje wrote:
>> On a sunny day (Sat, 06 Jan 2024 16:07:25 +0100) it happened
>> albert@cherry.(none) (albert) wrote in
>> <nnd$6c23b994$17dc2f93@4e33c84aa30fc7d3>:
>>
>>> In article <unbpba$35rk$1@solani.org>,
>>> Jan Panteltje <alien@comet.invalid> wrote:
>>>> On a sunny day (Sat, 06 Jan 2024 14:31:49 +0100) it happened
>>>> albert@cherry.(none) (albert) wrote in
>>>> <nnd$30302dcf$1e37b7a5@bbcc4a9e0386ea66>:
>>>>
>>>>> I'm sitting on a heap of germanium transistors. From the time that
>>>>> computers made of discrete germanium transistors were decommissioned.
>>>>> Also 10 mm and 6 mm ferrite core.
>>>>> Can I make on oscillator, that runs on 1V , preferably using
>>>>> coils ?
>>>>
>>>> Yes, Ge transistors start conducting from 150 mV Vbe to maybe 300 mV, so much less than Si .7 V,
>>>> Any LC oscillator will work.
>>>> Tuned circuit LC in the collector, feedback 1 turn (correct phase) to the base?
>>>
>>> That sounds trivial. It is trivial. Not for me.
>>> I need a schematic to build. Surely there must be some current into the base
>>> for startup?
>>>
>>> Groetjes Albert
>>
>> https://panteltje.online/pub/8052AH_BASIC_computer/dc_dc_converter_detail/5V_to_30V_converter.jpg
>>
>Could you possibly show a worse picture?
>Jikes.........

I can filter out your stupid comments
|QED

On Sun, 7 Jan 2024 09:42:23 +0000, liz@poppyrecords.invalid.invalid
(Liz Tuddenham) wrote:

>Joe Gwinn <joegwinn@comcast.net> wrote:
>
>
>> I don't know the origin. Not German. Nor Icelandic (which is
>> basically Old Norse). But it is true in Norwegian, and Danish.
>
>I had a feeling the O/P was Dutch.

Turns out to be true.

I checked Dutch, which it turns out also spins its cats, and oil is
olie. So it almost parallels Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish. Maybe
the connecting theme is who conquered who over the centuries.

Joe Gwinn

On Sat, 06 Jan 2024 16:07:25 +0100, albert@cherry.(none) (albert)
wrote:

>That sounds trivial. It is trivial. Not for me.
>I need a schematic to build. Surely there must be some current into the base
>for startup?
>
>Groetjes Albert
Old GE transistors didn't need external biasing. They leaked so that
small signals could be amplfied without it.

On 1/7/24 15:26, LM wrote:

> Old GE transistors didn't need external biasing. They leaked so that
> small signals could be amplfied without it.

And with the variation with temperature you could use the shift in an
oscillator frequency as a thermometer.

lørdag den 6. januar 2024 kl. 14.31.59 UTC+1 skrev none albert:
> I'm sitting on a heap of germanium transistors. From the time that
> computers made of discrete germanium transistors were decommissioned.
> Also 10 mm and 6 mm ferrite core.
> Can I make on oscillator, that runs on 1V , preferably using
> coils ? (Also trying to use LTSpice for the first time.)
> I can measure inductance of coils thanks to the miracle component
> testers from China.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule_thief

On Sun, 7 Jan 2024 15:12:33 -0800 (PST), Lasse Langwadt Christensen
<langwadt@fonz.dk> wrote:

>lørdag den 6. januar 2024 kl. 14.31.59 UTC+1 skrev none albert:
>> I'm sitting on a heap of germanium transistors. From the time that
>> computers made of discrete germanium transistors were decommissioned.
>> Also 10 mm and 6 mm ferrite core.
>> Can I make on oscillator, that runs on 1V , preferably using
>> coils ? (Also trying to use LTSpice for the first time.)
>> I can measure inductance of coils thanks to the miracle component
>> testers from China.
>
>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule_thief

Some WWII-vintage infrared sniperscopes used a watch escapement to
briefly close a contact at about 1 Hz, with a D-cell driving a step-up
transformer and a cold-cathode or selenium retifier.

mandag den 8. januar 2024 kl. 01.02.44 UTC+1 skrev John Larkin:
> On Sun, 7 Jan 2024 15:12:33 -0800 (PST), Lasse Langwadt Christensen
> <lang...@fonz.dk> wrote:
>
> >lørdag den 6. januar 2024 kl. 14.31.59 UTC+1 skrev none albert:
> >> I'm sitting on a heap of germanium transistors. From the time that
> >> computers made of discrete germanium transistors were decommissioned.
> >> Also 10 mm and 6 mm ferrite core.
> >> Can I make on oscillator, that runs on 1V , preferably using
> >> coils ? (Also trying to use LTSpice for the first time.)
> >> I can measure inductance of coils thanks to the miracle component
> >> testers from China.
> >
> >https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule_thief
> Some WWII-vintage infrared sniperscopes used a watch escapement to
> briefly close a contact at about 1 Hz, with a D-cell driving a step-up
> transformer and a cold-cathode or selenium retifier.

or https://www.angelfire.com/electronic/funwithtubes/vib_psu-a.html

Lasse Langwadt Christensen <langwadt@fonz.dk> wrote:

> or https://www.angelfire.com/electronic/funwithtubes/vib_psu-a.html

I remember those from when I was a kid repairing radios for the
neighbourhood. You could hear the hum before the tubes warmed up. They were
also very noisy electrically and had to be in a completely shielded
enclosure. They had a short life - the same as early vacuum tubes.

They finally died when cars switched to 12V and 12V tubes arrived along with
germanium power transistors. See

1. Low Voltage Tubes
https://www.angelfire.com/electronic/funwithtubes/low_voltage_tubes.html

2. Space Charge and Other Low-Voltage Tubes
http://www.junkbox.com/electronics/lowvoltagetubes.shtml

Sigh. Those were the good old days!

--
MRM

On Monday 8 January 2024 at 03:35:48 UTC, Mike Monett VE3BTI wrote:
> Lasse Langwadt Christensen <lang...@fonz.dk> wrote:
> > or https://www.angelfire.com/electronic/funwithtubes/vib_psu-a.html
[...]

> 2. Space Charge and Other Low-Voltage Tubes
> http://www.junkbox.com/electronics/lowvoltagetubes.shtml

All the datasheets listed are taken from the Internet Archive. They fail to load.
Octopart doesn't list them either.

The datasheets can be found in the Datasheet Archive at
http://www.datasheetarchive.com/

On Monday, January 8, 2024 at 3:28:12 AM UTC+11, Fred Bloggs wrote:
> On Saturday, January 6, 2024 at 10:32:52 AM UTC-5, Anthony William Sloman wrote:
> > On Sunday, January 7, 2024 at 2:07:40 AM UTC+11, none albert wrote:
> > > In article <unbpba$35rk$1...@solani.org>,
> > > Jan Panteltje <al...@comet.invalid> wrote:
> > > >On a sunny day (Sat, 06 Jan 2024 14:31:49 +0100) it happened
> > > >albert@cherry.(none) (albert) wrote in <nnd$30302dcf$1e37b7a5@bbcc4a9e0386ea66>

<snip>

> > http://sophia-elektronica.com/Baxandall1959JM.pdf
> >
> > but pay attention to the footnote on page 752.
>
> Page 752? Are you kidding??? Anything that requires that much verbiage isn't worth the trouble.

It's a ten page paper, starting on page 748 of the conference proceedings.

It's well worth reading. if you can understand what is being said, or are interested enough to look, both of which seem to be beyond you.

--
Bill Sloman, Sydney

On Monday, January 8, 2024 at 8:05:12 AM UTC+11, Joe Gwinn wrote:
> On Sun, 7 Jan 2024 09:42:23 +0000, l...@poppyrecords.invalid.invalid
> (Liz Tuddenham) wrote:
>
> >Joe Gwinn <joeg...@comcast.net> wrote:
> >
> >
> >> I don't know the origin. Not German. Nor Icelandic (which is
> >> basically Old Norse). But it is true in Norwegian, and Danish.
> >
> >I had a feeling the O/P was Dutch.
> Turns out to be true.
>
> I checked Dutch, which it turns out also spins its cats, and oil is
> olie. So it almost parallels Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish. Maybe
> the connecting theme is who conquered who over the centuries.

Not in this case. The Dutch republic in its glory days had a large printed industry , which exported to most of northern Europe, in Dutch.

The Germans - mostly Frederick the Great - invented high German to minimise their cultural influence, and boost their own printing industry, Noah Webster style. Military conquest didn't really come into it - at least not directly.

--
Bill Sloman, Sydney

On a sunny day (Sun, 07 Jan 2024 16:01:22 -0800) it happened John Larkin
<jl@997PotHill.com> wrote in <ngempi1nktan8bvp4f77j06qu7nudg72v3@4ax.com>:

>On Sun, 7 Jan 2024 15:12:33 -0800 (PST), Lasse Langwadt Christensen
><langwadt@fonz.dk> wrote:
>
>>l�rdag den 6. januar 2024 kl. 14.31.59 UTC+1 skrev none albert:
>>> I'm sitting on a heap of germanium transistors. From the time that
>>> computers made of discrete germanium transistors were decommissioned.
>>> Also 10 mm and 6 mm ferrite core.
>>> Can I make on oscillator, that runs on 1V , preferably using
>>> coils ? (Also trying to use LTSpice for the first time.)
>>> I can measure inductance of coils thanks to the miracle component
>>> testers from China.
>>
>>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule_thief
>
>Some WWII-vintage infrared sniperscopes used a watch escapement to
>briefly close a contact at about 1 Hz, with a D-cell driving a step-up
>transformer and a cold-cathode or selenium retifier.

I still have an old army dosi meter, still working:
https://panteltje.online/pub/dosi_meter_PP-4127_circuit_diagram_IMG_3737.GIF
https://panteltje.online/pub/dosi_meter_PP-4127_IMG_3747.GIF
The CV9259 is a Geranium oops germanium transsister, I mean transistor:
https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/223977074528
And that whole thing runs from a 1.5 V D cell.
Inside:
https://panteltje.nl/pub/dosi_meter_meter_PP-4127_measurement_and_reset_unit_IMG_3734.JPG

On Sat, 06 Jan 2024 14:31:49 +0100, albert@cherry.(none) (albert)
wrote:

>I'm sitting on a heap of germanium transistors. From the time that
>computers made of discrete germanium transistors were decommissioned.
>Also 10 mm and 6 mm ferrite core.
>Can I make on oscillator, that runs on 1V , preferably using
>coils ? (Also trying to use LTSpice for the first time.)
>I can measure inductance of coils thanks to the miracle component
>testers from China.
>
>Groetjes Albert

Oscillators operating at 1V and lower are basic elements of energy
scavenging circuitry.

A new design might use 0Vgs threshold mosfets.
https://www.aldinc.com/ald_zerothresholdmosfet.php

Below 700mV, a hobby circuit might benefit from a manual press-
switch to get things started - a manual charge pump. Limited
applications there.

Once an oscillation is developed, higher voltages can be generated for
conventional cctry to take over, if the source can supply the energy.

Check out ADP5090-91, MAX20361, LTC3107 and LTC3119 to 'start'.

RL