Joseph Newcomer
Follow
Former Chief Software Architect (1987–2010)Updated Mon

If an alien spacecraft landed on Earth (and its crew died later for some
reason), how quickly could we learn from its spaceship how to build our
own spaceship that could match its travelling ability?

John W. Campbell got his engineering degree in 1930. In 1970, he wrote
about what would happen if an SR-71 Blackbird was magically
time-traveled to 1930.

It was clearly from the future. But how far in the future?

Electronics: not a single vacuum tube. Just little plastic cases with
pins sticking out. They decide to sacrifice one to understand it. It
appears as if the circuit diagrams are drawn on the chip. They can’t be
sure, because much of the drawing is below the resolution the optical
microscopes of the day allow. They do a spectroscopic analysis of the
material. It is 100% pure silicon. Turns out the spectroscopes of 1930
cannot detect the parts-per-billion of the dopants that create the
semiconductors.

Power: they’ve never seen a jet engine. There does not seem to be any
way for the engine to operate. They try to run it. The fuel does not
burn. Turns out the special fuel (if I recall, something called J6) can
only be ignited by throwing some hypergolic igniter in on the ground. If
it flamed out while running, it could not be restarted.

Radio: the circuitry is more magic drawings on silicon. They can’t
figure out how any of it works. Turns out it runs at a higher frequency
than anything they know how to detect.

Radar: They have no idea what that horn in the nose does. It seems to
emit some kind of energy, because a tech got his hand in front of it an
experienced some heating. So they tried using infrared detectors but saw
nothing. Centimeter radar was beyond anything they knew about, and they
had no way to detect frequencies that high, beyond anything they could
even imagine.

Construction: it is made of pure titanium. More titanium than exists in
the entire world! Extruded into thin sheets. And welded! Everyone they
checked with said that it was impossible to weld titanium because it
would essentially “catch fire” and it would start oxidizing and would
all burn away.

So how far in the future did it come from? They got all kinds of people
together, scientists , engineers, scientifiction authors. Where did this
come from? Or, when did this come from? Consensus: maybe 400 years in
the future.

No, it was 40 years.

So if we can’t reverse engineer something of human technology from 40
years in the future, do you think we have any chance whatsoever of
reverse-engineering something from an alien planet?

When I became a programmer in 1963, if you added up all of the bits of
memory in all the computers in the world, you would have at most a few
megabits of memory. I am typing this on my iPhone, which has 128
gigabytes of memory, that is, one terabit of information. Plus a GPS,
Internet access, three cameras, and a telephone that can allow me to
talk to anyone who has a telephone anywhere in the world in seconds.
That’s a bit longer than 40 years, but not that much longer. This thing
I’m holding in my hand is at a minimum 100,000 times more powerful than
the supercomputer of 1963, and could be construed as a million times
more powerful along some measures. It has more RAM than our mainframe of
1983 had disk space to support 30 programmers. If I walk a block in any
direction I will probably pass 20 phones equally powerful. And I live in
a neighborhood of single-family homes

So we probably won’t be able to do anything with that alien spaceship.
It might use quantum computers that compare to our quantum computers
like my iPhone compares to an IBM 704 vacuum tube computer.

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Kurt Guntheroth
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Rich Pitaluga
· Aug 25
Excellent analysis: However, I submit that knowing something is possible
- 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙝𝙤𝙬 𝙞𝙩 𝙃𝘼𝙎 𝙗𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙙𝙤𝙣𝙚, 𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣 𝙞𝙛 𝙮𝙤𝙪
𝙘𝙖𝙣'𝙩 𝙖𝙨 𝙮𝙚𝙩 𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙛𝙞𝙜𝙪𝙧𝙚 𝙤𝙪𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚
𝙚𝙭𝙖𝙘𝙩 𝙙𝙚𝙩𝙖𝙞𝙡𝙨- is a great starting point.

Joseph Newcomer
· Mon
There was a story in which some bad movie footage of a working
antigravity machine was shown to top scientists. It smoothly floating up
about six feet from the floor Unfortunately, it included footage of the
machine then blowing up and killing its inventor. They were charged with
re-creating the machine from the few notes and machine parts that were
left after the fire.

They succeed. It was ten times larger, needed the output of an entire
fission reactor to work at all, and levitated only about an inch from
the ground.

They are called in for one last meeting. At the head of the table is the
“inventor” of the antigravity machine, very much alive. What? Well, it
was all fake. But the fact that they had seen a working machine
convinced them that one could be built.

a425couple <a425couple@hotmail.com> wrote:

> So if we can’t reverse engineer something of human technology from 40
> years in the future, do you think we have any chance whatsoever of
> reverse-engineering something from an alien planet?

Nonsense. Around 30 years ago I saw Jeff Goldblum write a computer virus
to sabotage an alien space ship. He did it in a few minutes. On a Mac
laptop. He then networked the Mac to the alien computer system and
uploaded the virus. Because everyone knows alien computers don’t keep
their AV software up to date.

We can do anything. Alien technology is a piece of cake.

"a425couple" wrote in message news:g86IM.563207$U3w1.116117@fx09.iad...

Joseph Newcomer
Follow
Former Chief Software Architect (1987–2010)Updated Mon

If an alien spacecraft landed on Earth (and its crew died later for some
reason), how quickly could we learn from its spaceship how to build our
own spaceship that could match its travelling ability?

John W. Campbell got his engineering degree in 1930. In 1970, he wrote
about what would happen if an SR-71 Blackbird was magically
time-traveled to 1930.

It was clearly from the future. But how far in the future?

Electronics: not a single vacuum tube. Just little plastic cases with
pins sticking out. They decide to sacrifice one to understand it. It
appears as if the circuit diagrams are drawn on the chip. They can’t be
sure, because much of the drawing is below the resolution the optical
microscopes of the day allow. They do a spectroscopic analysis of the
material. It is 100% pure silicon. Turns out the spectroscopes of 1930
cannot detect the parts-per-billion of the dopants that create the
semiconductors.

[[ The chemical test for Arsenic is very old and very sensitive.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_test
]]

[[My training to be an advanced electronic technician included disassembling
a packaged IC and drawing its schematic. An optical microscope had plenty of
magnification. The transistors (FETs) work very much like a vacuum tube and
can be analyzed with variable voltage sources and an Ohm meter. Voltage on
the gate, the yellow polysilicon top layer, increases or decreases the
resistance between the end contacts, as a tube's grid voltage controls
cathode to anode resistance.
https://www.autodesk.com/products/fusion-360/blog/what-is-field-effect-transistor-fet/

I did need a little help with the complex layout of the bipolar transistors,
but once identified as a 3 terminal device similar to a triode they are
pretty simple to analyze by measuring and graphing the voltage vs current
characteristic. At first glance they appear to be two back to back diodes, a
small forward current through one enables a much larger reverse current
through the other. I've done it myself, to sort them into pairs with matched
gain. An SCR is similar to the old Ignitron vacuum tube. The principle of a
rectifying junction was well known from older Selenium, Copper oxide and
"cat's whisker", Lead Sulfide crystal radio rectifiers and detectors. ]]

Power: they’ve never seen a jet engine. There does not seem to be any
way for the engine to operate. They try to run it. The fuel does not
burn. Turns out the special fuel (if I recall, something called J6) can
only be ignited by throwing some hypergolic igniter in on the ground. If
it flamed out while running, it could not be restarted.

[[ Diesel fuel doesn't ignite that easily either. Steam turbines are 1800's
technology and gas turbines were attempted soon after but were not efficient
enough to pursue, until the mid 30's.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_C._Price
]]

Radio: the circuitry is more magic drawings on silicon. They can’t
figure out how any of it works. Turns out it runs at a higher frequency
than anything they know how to detect.

[[The military radio communications band is 225 to 399 MHz.]]

Radar: They have no idea what that horn in the nose does. It seems to
emit some kind of energy, because a tech got his hand in front of it an
experienced some heating. So they tried using infrared detectors but saw
nothing. Centimeter radar was beyond anything they knew about, and they
had no way to detect frequencies that high, beyond anything they could
even imagine.

[[ A primitive form of radar existed in 1903:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_H%C3%BClsmeyer

Professor Yagi in Japan was experimenting at close to 1 GigaHertz in 1928.
Inductors and capacitors are the giveaway and indicate the operating
frequencies, as does antenna dipole length and waveguide dimensions. James
Maxwell, Oliver Heaviside or Charles Steinmetz could probably have figured
radar out well before 1930.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside]]

Construction: it is made of pure titanium. More titanium than exists in
the entire world! Extruded into thin sheets. And welded! Everyone they
checked with said that it was impossible to weld titanium because it
would essentially “catch fire” and it would start oxidizing and would
all burn away.

[[ Titanium was discovered in 1791, Argon in 1894. The welding techniques
are from scientific apparatus, 1800's again. ]]

So how far in the future did it come from? They got all kinds of people
together, scientists , engineers, scientifiction authors. Where did this
come from? Or, when did this come from? Consensus: maybe 400 years in
the future.

No, it was 40 years.

So if we can’t reverse engineer something of human technology from 40
years in the future, do you think we have any chance whatsoever of
reverse-engineering something from an alien planet?

[[ Who is "we"? Apparently writers, not practicing scientists. Military
electronic tech used to be at least 20 years ahead of what civilians knew
about, now I can't say. There were guided cruise missiles, spread spectrum
radio, automatic gunnery computers, sonobuoys and acoustic homing torpedos
in WW2. The USA had a guided cruise missile toward the end of WW1 but the
retreating Germans left it no targets. ]]

When I became a programmer in 1963, if you added up all of the bits of
memory in all the computers in the world, you would have at most a few
megabits of memory. I am typing this on my iPhone, which has 128
gigabytes of memory, that is, one terabit of information. Plus a GPS,
Internet access, three cameras, and a telephone that can allow me to
talk to anyone who has a telephone anywhere in the world in seconds.
That’s a bit longer than 40 years, but not that much longer. This thing
I’m holding in my hand is at a minimum 100,000 times more powerful than
the supercomputer of 1963, and could be construed as a million times
more powerful along some measures. It has more RAM than our mainframe of
1983 had disk space to support 30 programmers. If I walk a block in any
direction I will probably pass 20 phones equally powerful. And I live in
a neighborhood of single-family homes

[[The progress of computing is incremental and evolutionary. George Boole
published the original theory, Claude Shannon refined it, later innovators
figured out how to implement their work in rapidly improving hardware. The
first computer I built had 256 Bytes of memory, soon increased to 32k with
pre-production samples from memory chip makers. The company I worked for
then supplied the test equipment that let them measure and improve their
processes. ]]

[[ In Army electronic school in 1970 we were estimating what could or
couldn't be done with a 1 GHz computer. I became a repairman for a variant
of an Internet-like system introduced in 1962.
https://www.computerculture.org/2012/02/recalling-the-autodin-part-i/
It was capable of secure global digital wireless communication, using HF,
VHF and troposcatter radio links. The encrypted voice equivalent was
AUTOSEVOCOM.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Secure_Voice_Communications_Network
]]

So we probably won’t be able to do anything with that alien spaceship.
It might use quantum computers that compare to our quantum computers
like my iPhone compares to an IBM 704 vacuum tube computer.

[[ If an antigravity particle exists the Sun would repel it and we wouldn't
know. If we acquired a sample we probably could soon integrate them into our
physics, and then our hardware. ]]

23.2K views
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Kurt Guntheroth
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Rich Pitaluga
· Aug 25
Excellent analysis: However, I submit that knowing something is possible
- 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙝𝙤𝙬 𝙞𝙩 𝙃𝘼𝙎 𝙗𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙙𝙤𝙣𝙚, 𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣 𝙞𝙛 𝙮𝙤𝙪
𝙘𝙖𝙣'𝙩 𝙖𝙨 𝙮𝙚𝙩 𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙛𝙞𝙜𝙪𝙧𝙚 𝙤𝙪𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚
𝙚𝙭𝙖𝙘𝙩 𝙙𝙚𝙩𝙖𝙞𝙡𝙨- is a great starting point.

[[ Santos-Dumont built the first airplane in Europe based on knowing only
that the Wrights had succeeded, which meant that an engine could finally be
built light and powerful enough. Like them he was already an experienced
pilot, of his dirigibles. ]]

Joseph Newcomer
· Mon
There was a story in which some bad movie footage of a working
antigravity machine was shown to top scientists. It smoothly floating up
about six feet from the floor Unfortunately, it included footage of the
machine then blowing up and killing its inventor. They were charged with
re-creating the machine from the few notes and machine parts that were
left after the fire.

They succeed. It was ten times larger, needed the output of an entire
fission reactor to work at all, and levitated only about an inch from
the ground.

They are called in for one last meeting. At the head of the table is the
“inventor” of the antigravity machine, very much alive. What? Well, it
was all fake. But the fact that they had seen a working machine
convinced them that one could be built.

"a425couple" wrote in message news:g86IM.563207$U3w1.116117@fx09.iad...

....
So we probably won’t be able to do anything with that alien spaceship.
It might use quantum computers that compare to our quantum computers
like my iPhone compares to an IBM 704 vacuum tube computer.

-------------------

Or it might use vacuum channel transistors which we do understand:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoscale_vacuum-channel_transistor

That tech has advantages in space and doesn't need the expensive and
difficult processing of our semiconductors.

"Theoretically, a vacuum-channel transistor is expected to operate faster
than a traditional solid-state transistor, and have higher power output and
lower operation voltage. Moreover, vacuum-channel transistors are expected
to operate at higher temperature and radiation level than a traditional
transistor making them suitable for space application."

There would be a considerable advantage for a long space voyage in a tech
more easily repaired than ours. We can't fix either vacuum tubes or
transistors and have to replace them, while I've restored eroded car starter
electrical contacts by adding brass with a torch and filing it to shape.

This describes how to make a part as complicated as a centrifugal pump
housing from scratch, or by copying a broken original:
https://maritime.org/doc/foundry/index.php

"Jim Wilkins" wrote in message news:ucrj3k$3kjbm$1@dont-email.me...

>Or it might use vacuum channel transistors which we do understand:
>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoscale_vacuum-channel_transistor

----------------------

The rapid advance of European technology in the last 200 years isn't typical
of Earth history and perhaps that of others. Until 1800 we were slowly
catching up to where Rome left off. Rome had better roads, bridges and
especially public water and sewer systems, better than London's until the
1850's. The Gothic cathedrals are fancier imitations of the standard large
Roman building (Basilica). They limited their large apartment complexes
(Insulae) to 6 stories because that's how high the fire pumps could reach.
They had excellent concrete, hot air central heat and glass windows that
swung open, clocks that sounded the hour, book-style Bibles written on
vellum that lasts longer than modern paper, and a banking system that
allowed foreign travellers to write checks instead of carrying cash. Other
great civilizations in China and India had remained satisfies with their
level of tech for a very long time.

Advancement of ours slows when the product becomes good enough, airliners
haven't changed much in appearance or performance since the 707 of the
1950's, they aren't even as fast now. Cruise ships may be larger but they
don't usually go much faster than RMS Titanic.

If other civilizations exist and weren't driven by war to advance their tech
they may be satisfied with lives similar to ours.

There are clever devices using bypassed tech from our own past that have
been difficult to decipher, the Antikythera device being a prime example.
The Pyramids and Inca stone walls have provoked alien tech explanations from
writers who weren't practical problem-solving engineers. The inaccurate
Egyptian value for Pi disproves such influence. They used 256/81, less
accurate than 22/7.

Before the rise of Rome their Etruscan neighbors created exquisite gold
jewelry using methods still not fully understood.
https://www.jckonline.com/magazine-article/granulation-reviving-an-ancient-technique/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_jewelry

There are hints in this ancient manuscript of the craftsmanship techniques:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/De-diversis-artibus
His methods are similar to modern microelectronics assembly, and depend on
familiarity with the surface tension of molten metal.

The origin of this automaton was unknown until it was repaired and wrote out
the name of its builder:
https://www.fi.edu/en/history-resources/automaton

There's a functioning automaton like it in the movie "Hugo" that looks
mechanical but is actually operated by an X-Y plotter moving the hand with a
magnet under the writing table.

The Hybrid transformer in an old dial telephone and a 60's era Weco phase
modulated modem seem to perform magic, as does a magnetic amplifier until
you learn the non-linear magnetic properties of the core material.

Although they are just wood, the reasons the old violins by Stradivarius and
Guarnerius sound so good has been very difficult to determine.

The power source of this 1840 perpetual motion device is unknown:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Electric_Bell

I have a 1971 HP 8555A Spectrum Analyzer whose heart is this crystal with
seemingly magical properties:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YIG_sphere

This crystal device has special electromechanical properties that are easily
determined by using a vector network analyzer:
https://www.spectrumcontrol.com/globalassets/documents/rf2m-us/white-paper---saw-filter-2018.pdf

Some could be analyzed more thoroughly if there were enough examples that
one could be sacrificed for dissection, like the IC that I reverse
engineered for training. It was a good example that contained op amps,
comparators, voltage references, current mirrors, CMOS logic gates, PNP and
NPN bipolars, and a power MOSFET. Modern science has many powerful
analytical tools that the general public and lightly educated science
writers are unaware of, such as the vector network analyzer.

On 03/09/2023 08.05, Jim Wilkins wrote:
> The inaccurate Egyptian value for Pi disproves such influence. They used 256/81, less accurate than 22/7.

Cool! That's 2^8/3^4. There was probably some arcane numerological reason to use
a fraction that was the ratio of powers of primes. And, while it might be less
accurate than 22/7, it's only a 0.6% error. Their tools and measuring instruments
were not likely to have been able to do anything closer than that anyway.

--
Michael F. Stemper
What happens if you play John Cage's "4'33" at a slower tempo?

"Michael F. Stemper" wrote in message news:ud29va$vog6$1@dont-email.me...

On 03/09/2023 08.05, Jim Wilkins wrote:
> The inaccurate Egyptian value for Pi disproves such influence. They used
> 256/81, less accurate than 22/7.

Cool! That's 2^8/3^4. There was probably some arcane numerological reason to
use
a fraction that was the ratio of powers of primes. And, while it might be
less
accurate than 22/7, it's only a 0.6% error. Their tools and measuring
instruments
were not likely to have been able to do anything closer than that anyway.
Michael F. Stemper
------------------------

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus

Jim Wilkins wrote on 4/9/23 2:25 am:
> "Michael F. Stemper" wrote in message
> news:ud29va$vog6$1@dont-email.me...
> On 03/09/2023 08.05, Jim Wilkins wrote:
>> The inaccurate Egyptian value for Pi disproves such influence. They
>> used 256/81, less accurate than 22/7.
>
> Cool! That's 2^8/3^4. There was probably some arcane numerological
> reason to use a fraction that was the ratio of powers of primes. And,
> while it might be less accurate than 22/7, it's only a 0.6% error.
> Their tools and measuring instruments were not likely to have been
> able to do anything closer than that anyway.

And the Egyptians were doing it, what, 5,000 years before the Europeans
(or whomever) came up with the 22/7 approximation.

--
Daniel

"Daniel65" wrote in message news:ud4au9$1d7b1$1@dont-email.me...

And the Egyptians were doing it, what, 5,000 years before the Europeans
(or whomever) came up with the 22/7 approximation.
Daniel

---------------------

https://www.exploratorium.edu/pi/history-of-pi
"The first calculation of π was done by Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC),
one of the greatest mathematicians of the ancient world....Archimedes showed
that π is between 3 1/7 and 3 10/71."

"A similar approach was used by Zu Chongzhi (429–501), a brilliant Chinese
mathematician and astronomer....He calculated the value of the ratio of the
circumference of a circle to its diameter to be 355/113."

The number was of only theoretical interest until the British Navy began
searching for and more importantly investing in measurement accuracy after a
fleet was wrecked on rocks due to a navigational error.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Ramsden
The key to his improvement was finding more accurate ways to generate
precision screw threads. Before him screw threads were usually cut freehand
or by winding a brass and black iron wire around a brass rod and then
dipping it in solder, which joined only the brass. Removing the iron wire
left a spiral between the brass wires that served as a guide. The actual
cutting tool looked like a comb, with hand-filed cutting teeth.
https://www.jamesriser.com/Machinery/chasers/making_chasers.html
That was good enough for the short screws in clocks but not for accurate
measurement. A metal lathe that guided the cutting tool with a precision
leadscrew was introduced in 1797, and enabled the Industrial Revolution.
https://www.lindahall.org/about/news/scientist-of-the-day/henry-maudslay

Government support such as Maudslay received from the Admiralty was critical
to many early advances since it could provide startup money to create better
tooling for faster production. At first private investors were reluctant to
take that risk with their own money, the government had both tax funds and
means of enforcement to assure delivery. The only manufactured product the
government need to buy in large quantity was improved firearms, so they led
the way to mass production, more in America than Europe.
https://www.nps.gov/spar/learn/historyculture/thomas-blanchard-and-his-lathe.htm
By the 1850's other industries like watchmaking had seen the advantage and
followed.

The US government still heavily supports technological advancement by
creating demand for aerospace products that civilian society wouldn't.
Consumers including me tend to stop buying new once the current products are
good enough. I'm still happily using an iPhone 6S and driving a carefully
maintained 23 year old car. Yesterday I readjusted the valves.

On Sunday, September 3, 2023 at 6:05:43 AM UTC-7, Jim Wilkins wrote:
> There are clever devices using bypassed tech from our own past that have
> been difficult to decipher, the Antikythera device being a prime example.
> The Pyramids and Inca stone walls have provoked alien tech explanations from
> writers who weren't practical problem-solving engineers. The inaccurate
> Egyptian value for Pi disproves such influence. They used 256/81, less
> accurate than 22/7.

I once learned from a Martin Gardner column in Scientific American that if you took the easy-to-remember sequence 113355 and divided the last 3 digits by the first 3 digits that the result would be pi with an accuracy to 5 or 6 decimal places. This curiosity has stuck with me for at least 6 decades....
>
> Before the rise of Rome their Etruscan neighbors created exquisite gold
> jewelry using methods still not fully understood.
> https://www.jckonline.com/magazine-article/granulation-reviving-an-ancient-technique/
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_jewelry
>
> There are hints in this ancient manuscript of the craftsmanship techniques:
> https://www.britannica.com/topic/De-diversis-artibus
> His methods are similar to modern microelectronics assembly, and depend on
> familiarity with the surface tension of molten metal.
>
> The origin of this automaton was unknown until it was repaired and wrote out
> the name of its builder:
> https://www.fi.edu/en/history-resources/automaton
>
> There's a functioning automaton like it in the movie "Hugo" that looks
> mechanical but is actually operated by an X-Y plotter moving the hand with a
> magnet under the writing table.
>
> The Hybrid transformer in an old dial telephone and a 60's era Weco phase
> modulated modem seem to perform magic, as does a magnetic amplifier until
> you learn the non-linear magnetic properties of the core material.
>
> Although they are just wood, the reasons the old violins by Stradivarius and
> Guarnerius sound so good has been very difficult to determine.
>
> The power source of this 1840 perpetual motion device is unknown:
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Electric_Bell
>
> I have a 1971 HP 8555A Spectrum Analyzer whose heart is this crystal with
> seemingly magical properties:
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YIG_sphere
>
> This crystal device has special electromechanical properties that are easily
> determined by using a vector network analyzer:
> https://www.spectrumcontrol.com/globalassets/documents/rf2m-us/white-paper---saw-filter-2018.pdf
>
> Some could be analyzed more thoroughly if there were enough examples that
> one could be sacrificed for dissection, like the IC that I reverse
> engineered for training. It was a good example that contained op amps,
> comparators, voltage references, current mirrors, CMOS logic gates, PNP and
> NPN bipolars, and a power MOSFET. Modern science has many powerful
> analytical tools that the general public and lightly educated science
> writers are unaware of, such as the vector network analyzer.

palsing wrote on 5/9/23 1:36 am:
> On Sunday, September 3, 2023 at 6:05:43 AM UTC-7, Jim Wilkins wrote:
>> There are clever devices using bypassed tech from our own past that
>> have been difficult to decipher, the Antikythera device being a
>> prime example. The Pyramids and Inca stone walls have provoked
>> alien tech explanations from writers who weren't practical
>> problem-solving engineers. The inaccurate Egyptian value for Pi
>> disproves such influence. They used 256/81, less accurate than
>> 22/7.
>
> I once learned from a Martin Gardner column in Scientific American
> that if you took the easy-to-remember sequence 113355 and divided the
> last 3 digits by the first 3 digits that the result would be pi with
> an accuracy to 5 or 6 decimal places. This curiosity has stuck with
> me for at least 6 decades...

Why wasn't I told this back in the day, at School .... when I had to use
Four Figure or even Six Figure Log Books!! ;-P
--
Daniel