Cognates?
Invasive infective infest invest may all derive from same paleo word, en- buatl, in-body/bottle/vessel, via (x)yuambuatla

invasive (adj.)

"tending to invade, aggressive," mid-15c., invasif, from Old French invasif (15c.) or directly from Medieval Latin invasivus "invasive," from invas-, past-participle stem of invadere "go into; attack, invade," from in- "in" (from PIE root *en "in") + vadere "go, walk" (see vamoose).

infective (adj.)

"infectious, communicable by infection," late 14c., from Latin infectivus, from infect-, past participle stem of inficere "to tinge, dye; stain, spoil" (see infect).

infect (v.)

late 14c., "fill with disease, render pestilential; pollute, contaminate; to corrupt morally," from Latin infectus, past participle of inficere "to stain, tinge, dye," also "to corrupt, stain, spoil," literally "to put in to, dip into," from in- "in" (from PIE root *en "in") + facere "to make, do, perform" (from PIE root *dhe- "to set, put"). In Middle English occasionally in a neutral sense "tinge, darken," but typically used of things indifferent or bad, and especially of disease. Related: Infected; infecting.

https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/1997/12000/the_etymology_of_infection_and_infestation.23.aspx#:~:text=According%20to%20The%20concise%20dictionary,put%20in%2C%20stain%2C%20dye.
Their claim is incorrect imo.

The word "invest" comes from the Latin verb investire, which means "to clothe" or "to surround". The word was first recorded in 1525–35.
To embottle/embody, but not to cover

Invasive, infective:
Probably cognate, from in(to) + vase/vessel/fiasco/fec.t/im. pact in sense of contaminate/inseminate

Note: this post copy/pasted from 1worldofwords

On Sunday, October 29, 2023 at 5:09:11 AM UTC-4, Ross Clark wrote:
> On 26/10/2023 10:48 p.m., Daud Deden wrote:
> > On Thursday, October 26, 2023 at 2:46:21 AM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> >> On Saturday, October 21, 2023 at 8:20:47 AM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> >>> Convex
> >>>
> >>> Convex com + wegh/vehicle-wagon < bear-bulge-belle
> >>> Wombelle xyuambuatl > combine, embarazado(pregnant)
> >> https://groups.io/g/AAT/message/75700
> >>
> >> A clamshell has an umbo, protruding round part that hinges
> >> A pregnant woman has an umbo umbicilis wombelle uambuatl
> >> A domeshield had an umbo, it was ground-hinged
> >> An ape bowl nest attaches to the tree...arbo.r..
> >
> > Umbo umbel umbrella IE hybrid hypothesis
> >
> > Bivalve clam umbo
> > https://images.app.goo.gl/HPAaoSSzw6Yq6BdMA
> >
> > The word umbo comes from the Latin word umbō which means "boss of a shield, protuberance, projecting piece of land", also for a mushroom cap. The word umbo is also related to the word umbilicus which means "navel".
> >
> > Flora flower umbel
> > https://images.app.goo.ga/DxaddeGsdNFfFmcv5
> >
> > The word was coined in botanical usage in the 1590s, from Latin umbella "parasol, sunshade".
> >
> > The word "umbrella" comes from the Italian word "ombrella". "Ombrella" is a modification of the Latin word "umbella", which comes from 'umbra', "shade" or "shadow". (Sun shield, rain shedding)
> >
> > The word "umbrella" means "hand-held portable canopy which opens and folds".
> >
> >
> > PIE hybrid origin
> >
> > In this project, carried out by over 80 linguists under the direction of Paul Heggarty and Cormac Anderson from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, we applied a new methodology that allowed us to obtain more exact results.
> >
> > More comprehensive sampling
> >
> > The samples used in earlier phylogenetic studies were taken from a limited pool of languages. Moreover, some analyses had assumed that modern languages are derived directly from ancient written languages, when they actually come from oral variants that were spoken during the same period – Spanish, for example, did not come from the classical Latin found in Virgil’s works, but from the popular or “vulgar” Latin which was spoken by ordinary people. These shortcomings and assumptions have distorted age estimates for Indo-European language family subgroups such as Germanic, Slavic or Romance.
> >
> > The new study addresses these issues, eliminating inconsistencies and taking data from a wider range of sources (from 161 languages, to be exact), to provide a more balanced and complete sample set. This data then underwent a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, a statistical method for establishing the most probable relationships between languages and branches of the family tree.
> >
> > The study showed, for example, that an Italo-Celtic language family cannot exist, since the Italic and Celtic languages separated several centuries before the separation of the Germanic and Celtic languages, which took place around 5,000 years ago.
> >
> > 
> >
> > The spread of Indo-European languages according to the new hybrid hypothesis. Elaboración propia, Author provided (no reuse)
> >
> > An eight thousand year old language family
> >
> > Regarding the question of the origin of Indo-European languages, calculations based on the new data show that they were first spoken approximately 8,000 years ago.
> >
> > The results of this research do not line up neatly with either the Anatolian or the Kurgan hypotheses. Instead they suggest that the birthplace of Indo-European languages is somewhere in the south of the Caucasus region. From there, they then expanded in various directions: westward towards Greece and Albania; eastward towards India, and northward towards the Pontic Steppe.
> >
> > Around three millennia later there was then a second wave of expansion from the Pontic Steppe towards Europe, which gave rise to the majority of the languages that are spoken today in Europe. This hybrid hypothesis, which marries up the two previously established theories, also aligns with the results of the most recent studies in the field of genetic anthropology
> See
> https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=59908
> for the opinions of some linguists on this.
> They think the method has improved over previous phylogenetic studies,
> but the scenario is still not compatible with the presence of vocabulary
> for horse, wheel, etc. in PIE.
> >
> >>> Convey - action, convex - condition, conveyance-conveyor - bag-wagon-bolsa-bungkus
> >>>
> >>> "curved like a circle or sphere when viewed from outside," 1570s, from French convexe, from Latin convexus "vaulted, arched," past participle of convehere "to bring together," from assimilated form of com "with, together," or "thoroughly" (see com-) + vehere "to bring, carry, convey" (from PIE root *wegh- "to go, move, transport in a vehicle").
> >>>
> >>> I wondered where the -vex part came from. Vex/vessel
> >
> > Note: The spam is now infecting active threads, so this may be my last regular Paleo-etymology post at Sci Lang. I presume in the future I will publish my research at 1worldofwords io group.
> >
> > DD
> >

Thanks. Too much particulating for me. I have a holistic view. The root word word of wheel is paleo, while the carriage wheel is neo/bronze/modern age, just a particular application of -guolu/-cal/-gol, an interlaced round wickerwork, as seen in a coracle, a dome hut, a ger. I presume that PIE originated amongst people intimately associated with the Black Sea to some extent.

Le dimanche 29 octobre 2023 à 10:09:11 UTC+1, Ross Clark a écrit :
> On 26/10/2023 10:48 p.m., Daud Deden wrote:
> > On Thursday, October 26, 2023 at 2:46:21 AM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> >> On Saturday, October 21, 2023 at 8:20:47 AM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> >>> Convex
> >>>
> >>> Convex com + wegh/vehicle-wagon < bear-bulge-belle
> >>> Wombelle xyuambuatl > combine, embarazado(pregnant)
> >> https://groups.io/g/AAT/message/75700
> >>
> >> A clamshell has an umbo, protruding round part that hinges
> >> A pregnant woman has an umbo umbicilis wombelle uambuatl
> >> A domeshield had an umbo, it was ground-hinged
> >> An ape bowl nest attaches to the tree...arbo.r..
> >
> > Umbo umbel umbrella IE hybrid hypothesis
> >
> > Bivalve clam umbo
> > https://images.app.goo.gl/HPAaoSSzw6Yq6BdMA
> >
> > The word umbo comes from the Latin word umbō which means "boss of a shield, protuberance, projecting piece of land", also for a mushroom cap. The word umbo is also related to the word umbilicus which means "navel".
> >
> > Flora flower umbel
> > https://images.app.goo.ga/DxaddeGsdNFfFmcv5
> >
> > The word was coined in botanical usage in the 1590s, from Latin umbella "parasol, sunshade".
> >
> > The word "umbrella" comes from the Italian word "ombrella". "Ombrella" is a modification of the Latin word "umbella", which comes from 'umbra', "shade" or "shadow". (Sun shield, rain shedding)
> >
> > The word "umbrella" means "hand-held portable canopy which opens and folds".
> >
> >
> > PIE hybrid origin
> >
> > In this project, carried out by over 80 linguists under the direction of Paul Heggarty and Cormac Anderson from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, we applied a new methodology that allowed us to obtain more exact results.
> >
> > More comprehensive sampling
> >
> > The samples used in earlier phylogenetic studies were taken from a limited pool of languages. Moreover, some analyses had assumed that modern languages are derived directly from ancient written languages, when they actually come from oral variants that were spoken during the same period – Spanish, for example, did not come from the classical Latin found in Virgil’s works, but from the popular or “vulgar” Latin which was spoken by ordinary people. These shortcomings and assumptions have distorted age estimates for Indo-European language family subgroups such as Germanic, Slavic or Romance.
> >
> > The new study addresses these issues, eliminating inconsistencies and taking data from a wider range of sources (from 161 languages, to be exact), to provide a more balanced and complete sample set. This data then underwent a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, a statistical method for establishing the most probable relationships between languages and branches of the family tree.
> >
> > The study showed, for example, that an Italo-Celtic language family cannot exist, since the Italic and Celtic languages separated several centuries before the separation of the Germanic and Celtic languages, which took place around 5,000 years ago.
> >
> > 
> >
> > The spread of Indo-European languages according to the new hybrid hypothesis. Elaboración propia, Author provided (no reuse)
> >
> > An eight thousand year old language family
> >
> > Regarding the question of the origin of Indo-European languages, calculations based on the new data show that they were first spoken approximately 8,000 years ago.
> >
> > The results of this research do not line up neatly with either the Anatolian or the Kurgan hypotheses. Instead they suggest that the birthplace of Indo-European languages is somewhere in the south of the Caucasus region. From there, they then expanded in various directions: westward towards Greece and Albania; eastward towards India, and northward towards the Pontic Steppe.
> >
> > Around three millennia later there was then a second wave of expansion from the Pontic Steppe towards Europe, which gave rise to the majority of the languages that are spoken today in Europe. This hybrid hypothesis, which marries up the two previously established theories, also aligns with the results of the most recent studies in the field of genetic anthropology
> See
> https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=59908
> for the opinions of some linguists on this.
> They think the method has improved over previous phylogenetic studies,
> but the scenario is still not compatible with the presence of vocabulary
> for horse, wheel, etc. in PIE.
=> a myth !

On Sunday, September 10, 2023 at 2:11:09 AM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> Zuber @Grm: (2-handled) tub
> Zuber kupharigolu cwrgwl coracle topa teba
>
> 2 handles/slots evolved from divots/holes dug under walls to enable airflow but prevent vermin when it became better sealed to the forest floor yet allowed quick domeshield egress/tilting, later adapted into the basket frame for easy carrying.

Zuber up sub exupo hypo

Hypodermic
The term "hypodermic" comes from the Greek words "hypo", meaning under, and "derma", meaning skin. 1863 medicine

Subcutaneous
The term "subcutaneous" comes from the Latin words 'sub' meaning under and 'cutis' meaning skin (eg cuticle). 1650

Endu @Mbuti: into, inside, under ~ endo @Grk: internal

sub-
word-forming element of Latin origin meaning "under, beneath; behind; from under; resulting from further division," from Latin preposition sub "under, below, beneath, at the foot of," also "close to, up to, towards;" of time, "within, during;" figuratively "subject to, in the power of;" also "a little, somewhat" (as in sub-horridus "somewhat rough"), from PIE *(s)up- (perhaps representing *ex-upo-), a variant form of the root *upo "under," also "up from under," which also yielded Greek hypo- and English up.

The Latin word also was used in Latin as a prefix and in various combinations. In Latin it was reduced to su- before -s- and assimilated to following -c-, -f-, -g-, -p-, and often -r- and -m-.

In Old French the prefix appears in the full Latin form only "in learned adoptions of old Latin compounds" [OED], and in popular use it was represented by sous-, sou-; as in French souvenir from Latin subvenire, souscrire (Old French souzescrire) from subscribere, etc.

The original meaning is now obscure in many words from Latin (suggest, suspect, subject, etc.). The prefix is active in Modern English; the indication generally being:

1. "under, beneath, at the bottom of;" in adverbs "down, low, lower;"

2. "inferior part, agent, division, or degree; inferior, having subordinate position" (subcontractor) also forming official titles (subaltern);

It also can indicate "division into parts or sections;" "next below, near, close to" (subantarctic)

Is there a new captcha to block spam here? I got a "are you a robot" when I posted.

On Saturday, November 4, 2023 at 2:34:43 PM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> Is there a new captcha to block spam here? I got a "are you a robot" when I posted.
It does not seem to block the spam, already 3 more after my new post.

Daud Deden <daud.deden@gmail.com> wrote:
> On Saturday, November 4, 2023 at 2:34:43 PM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
>> Is there a new captcha to block spam here? I got a "are you a robot" when I posted.
> It does not seem to block the spam, already 3 more after my new post.
>

I have yet to see a captcha that a ‘robot’ can’t solve.

Due to spam attacks at sci.Lang googlegroup (and questionable captcha), Paleo-etymology threads are
at https://groups.io/g/1WorldofWords messages. Drop in if interested, become a group member if you want, comment freely on topics.
DD 11/04/23

On Monday, September 11, 2023 at 12:04:28 PM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> Post #3
Figs are a favorite fruit of all arboreal apes. Chimps leave their bowl nests (15m/45') morning sunrise after defecating/urinating in them, safer there than on the ground (folivorous sloths climb down to crap at tree base, spreading pheromones and fertilizer to tree, but frugivorous chimps use visual signs not scent for mating).

Feces in abandoned bowl nests contain organic compost, undigested fiber and fig seeds, which are exposed to shaded sun and rain, germinate & sprout, send rootlets into dung, then aerial roots down to the forest floor, and leaflets up towards canopy as vines around the host tree, much faster than ground-based plants seeded in leached soil, which are heavily shaded. So chimp nests are good for fig proliferation, better than fruitbats & birds which defecate all over but not into rich 'potting soil' containers positioned far above the spatially competitive ground.

This co-beneficial (mutualistic*) relationship with figs may have begun with the split of hominoids into hylobatids (no bowl nests but tree fork sleepers) and great apes (bowl nests). Much later, Homo adapted to forest floor, ~50m from open water, also defecated/urinated *undercover* in the morning, but then carried their bowl/domeshield away leaving dung/urine behind surrounded by a small trench ring moat, probably with some added leaves. Chimps can eat unripe figs, which sicken Homo, we must eat only ripe figs, and even those when consumed en masse can produce diarrhea.

* Symbiosis is a close relationship between two species in which at least one species benefits. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit. Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other species is not affected.

Symbiotic < symbios xy(ua)mbuat = when mother (& infant) joined father (& child) into a single nuclear family dome hut, from two domeshields converged, perhaps the origin of the Homo sapiens species ~ <300,000 years ago, and/or the origin of internal hearth.

symbiosis (n.)
1876, as a biological term, "union for life of two different organisms based on mutually benefit," from Greek symbiosis "a living together," from symbioun "live together," from symbios "(one) living together (with another), partner, companion, husband or wife," from assimilated form of syn- "together" (see syn-) + bios "life" (from PIE root *gwei- "to live"

Note: defensively, Homo at night camped in a ring of domes around a climbable escape tree. When attacked they could tilt their shields up together making a circular wall around the group, like the much later derived Roman legions making a square against unleashed volleys of arrows, cavalry charges and pike bearing brigades.

DD

On Sun, Nov 5, 2023, 6:32 AM DDeden <daud.deden@gmail.com> wrote:
Per primatologists, chimps fart a lot, due to their high foliage diet. Fauna reliant on figs (birds, bats, Anthropoids) have fast acting digestion.

Ground sleeping at night is very hazardous except where predators are absent. This region appears to be a sort of refuge, protected from most people and predators.

What's in a name?

English: My name is Jon.

Persian: Namam Jone.

Japanese: Namae wa Jon des.

Mongol: Namaig Jon gedeg.

Indonesian: Nama saya Jon.

Finnish: Nimeni on Jon.

Hungarian: A nevem Jon.

Hindi - naam

Marathi -naav

Wed, 08 Nov 2023 20:42:58 +0100: Ruud Harmsen <rh@rudhar.com>
scribeva:

>Tue, 7 Nov 2023 18:54:37 -0800 (PST): Daud Deden
><daud.deden@gmail.com> scribeva:
>
>>What's in a name?
>>
>>English: My name is Jon.
>>
>>Persian: Namam Jone.
>>
>>Japanese: Namae wa Jon des.

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D#Etymology
"imilarity to English name and other Indo-European words derived from
*h1nómn? is coincidental. "

>>Mongol: Namaig Jon gedeg.

Namaig is actually a personal pronoun in the accusative:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language#Pronouns

Gedeg is also mentioned in that article, but I don't quite get it.

>>Indonesian: Nama saya Jon.

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nama#Etymology_3
A loan from Sanskrit, so yes, Indo-European.

>>Finnish: Nimeni on Jon.
>>
>>Hungarian: A nevem Jon.

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%C3%A9v#Hungarian
Perhaps a very early loan from or to an IE language. Persian?

>>Hindi - naam
>>
>>Marathi -naav
>
>English, Persian, Hindi and Marathi are IE languages, and nasal have
>undergone little change over the ages. So no coincidence.
>
>The others I don't know

Welcome to the fascinating world of serieus comparitive etymology!

--
Ruud Harmsen, https://rudhar.com

Tue, 7 Nov 2023 18:54:37 -0800 (PST): Daud Deden
<daud.deden@gmail.com> scribeva:

>What's in a name?
>
>English: My name is Jon.
>
>Persian: Namam Jone.
>
>Japanese: Namae wa Jon des.
>
>Mongol: Namaig Jon gedeg.
>
>Indonesian: Nama saya Jon.
>
>Finnish: Nimeni on Jon.
>
>Hungarian: A nevem Jon.
>
>Hindi - naam
>
>Marathi -naav

English, Persian, Hindi and Marathi are IE languages, and nasal have
undergone little change over the ages. So no coincidence.

The others I don't know.
--
Ruud Harmsen, https://rudhar.com

On 9/11/2023 8:54 a.m., Ruud Harmsen wrote:
> Wed, 08 Nov 2023 20:42:58 +0100: Ruud Harmsen <rh@rudhar.com>
> scribeva:
>
>> Tue, 7 Nov 2023 18:54:37 -0800 (PST): Daud Deden
>> <daud.deden@gmail.com> scribeva:
>>
>>> What's in a name?
>>>
>>> English: My name is Jon.
>>>
>>> Persian: Namam Jone.
>>>
>>> Japanese: Namae wa Jon des.
>
> https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D#Etymology
> "imilarity to English name and other Indo-European words derived from
> *h1nómn? is coincidental. "
>
>>> Mongol: Namaig Jon gedeg.
>
> Namaig is actually a personal pronoun in the accusative:
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language#Pronouns
>
> Gedeg is also mentioned in that article, but I don't quite get it.
>
>>> Indonesian: Nama saya Jon.
>
> https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nama#Etymology_3
> A loan from Sanskrit, so yes, Indo-European.
Agreed.

Proto-Austronesian *ŋajan 'name'. If you're looking for a primeval *na-,
the first syllable of that is only a step away.
>
>>> Finnish: Nimeni on Jon.
>>>
>>> Hungarian: A nevem Jon.
>
> https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%C3%A9v#Hungarian
> Perhaps a very early loan from or to an IE language. Persian?
>
>>> Hindi - naam
>>>
>>> Marathi -naav
>>
>> English, Persian, Hindi and Marathi are IE languages, and nasal have
>> undergone little change over the ages. So no coincidence.
>>
>> The others I don't know
>
> Welcome to the fascinating world of serieus comparitive etymology!
>

Boma ~ home, dome, womb, tomb?
B + (xy)uam(bu)a?

https://www.outsideonline.com/culture/books-media/naked-and-afraid-real-blair-braverman/

It’s a sufferfest for glory, a chance to face nature and win. Courtesy Discovery(Photo)
Everything on ‘Naked and Afraid’ Is Real—and I Lived It
Updated May 12, 2022
When the Discovery Channel invited me to audition for its popular survival-challenge reality show, I knew it was going to be rough. What followed was one of the most intense experiences of my life.
....

“Is this a thornbush?” I said casually, walking past a ranger.

“There are many thorny bushes,” he said in monotone, eyes on the horizon.

It was worth a try.

As the dusty sky turned blue, I noticed the crew propping cameras in the trees and on tripods around the boma. Then Rachel and the crew left, and the rangers went with them. For the first time, we were alone.

Gary pulled the boma closed around us. We sat on opposite sides of a crackling fire. The firelight danced on the branches and made it look like the sticks were moving.

“I’ll show you something,” Gary said. “We used to do this on XL.” He jammed a stick into the dirt, dislodging a few clods, then smoothed the hole out with his hand. “It’s way more comfortable if you make a hole for your hip. We called it a hip divot.” Then, miraculously, he lay down, fitted his hip into the divot, tucked one foot behind the other, and fell asleep.

I couldn’t imagine sleeping. I sat cross-legged, brushing ash and insects off my skin, nudging the firewood to keep the flames bright. Mark said predators weren’t afraid of coals, so the fire needed constant tending. The night was noisy with rustling grass.

It was almost funny to picture myself as a stranger would see me on TV. I’d be a topic, not a person anymore. The audience was fake to me, and I was fake to it.

I took stock of our worldly possessions: A pile of firewood, plus straw to throw on the fire if animals came close. Our burlap sacks. A knife, a pot, a fire starter, and a Pulaski, which is a combination ax-adze. Two handheld cameras, called diary cams, which we’d use to record our experiences and observations. There was a camouflage drybag tucked under the firewood, which held a two-way radio, a whistle, and glow sticks for emergencies, plus tampons, a singular luxury.

Something pinched my butt cheek, and I pulled a little scorpion off myself, tossed it into the fire. This was oddly reassuring. It hadn’t occurred to me that not all scorpions made you want to die.

A twig cracked.

“Gary,” I said.

He was awake in an instant, one hand on the pot, one grasping a fistful of straw. We froze.

Nothing.

Then there were loud shrieks surrounding us, coming closer from every direction. They sounded like dog howls in reverse: oooooAAAA! oooooAAAA! I leaped over the fire and crouched beside Gary. He was already reaching for his diary cam. “There are hyenas all around us,” he whispered, while I put grass on the flames. “They’re circling us.” He aimed the camera at me.

Later I learned that survivalists tend to compete for screen time, especially in dramatic moments that are likely to make the show, and Gary was offering to share the scene. But at the time, the camera seemed ridiculous. What was I supposed to do, perform? I just wanted the hyenas to go away.

We shouted and banged the pot and built up the fire until a column of sparks rose into the sky and the heat forced us back. Slowly, over several minutes, the shrieks faded, but the darkness whispered all night. I didn’t sleep and kept the fire big. In the morning, we found fresh elephant tracks all around us; we were blocking a path, and a herd had passed just a few feet away. We spent the second day building a new boma a quarter mile to the north.

This second boma was tucked under a fever-berry tree with lime green bark and overlooked a small pool of water in the sandy riverbed of the Limpopo. There was a soft patch of shade above the steep bank, almost like a balcony. We could sit there and watch animals drink, warthogs and antelope and elephants that threaded down natural ramps. The other side of the riverbed was Botswana, and we couldn’t go there, the crew warned us, couldn’t even set foot over the invisible line.

> Boma ~ home, dome, womb, tomb?
> B + (xy)uam(bu)a?

Ham @Anglo-Saxon : home, heim

Malay rumah, from Classical Malay rumah (“house”), from Proto-Malayic *rumah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumah

The word boma ultimately comes from the Persian word būm, which means "garrison, dwelling place, country, region".

Bumi.putera or bumiputra (Jawi: بوميڤوترا‎, Native)
The term is derived from the Sanskrit which was later absorbed into the classical Malay word bhumiputra (Sanskrit: भूमिपुत्र, romanized: bhū́mi.putra), which can be translated literally as "son of the land" or "son of the soil".

Domus @Ltn < domos @Grk : domain

Ximali @Azt: shield

Homeground, homebase defending/protecting/shielding territory

House/hut/shed is the constructed shelter, home is the base ~ fam.ily xyuambuatlay wambua(t)l

homo- @Grk: same vs hetero- ; Homo @Ltn: human

The prefix "homo-" comes from the Greek word homós, which means "same"..
It can also mean "equal, like," or "belonging to two or more jointly" [hut shared by parents?]

> https://www.outsideonline.com/culture/books-media/naked-and-afraid-real-blair-braverman/
>
> It’s a sufferfest for glory, a chance to face nature and win. Courtesy Discovery(Photo)
> Everything on ‘Naked and Afraid’ Is Real—and I Lived It
> Updated May 12, 2022
> When the Discovery Channel invited me to audition for its popular survival-challenge reality show, I knew it was going to be rough. What followed was one of the most intense experiences of my life.
> ...
>
> “Is this a thornbush?” I said casually, walking past a ranger.
>
> “There are many thorny bushes,” he said in monotone, eyes on the horizon.
>
> It was worth a try.
>
> As the dusty sky turned blue, I noticed the crew propping cameras in the trees and on tripods around the boma. Then Rachel and the crew left, and the rangers went with them. For the first time, we were alone.
>
> Gary pulled the boma closed around us. We sat on opposite sides of a crackling fire. The firelight danced on the branches and made it look like the sticks were moving.
>
> “I’ll show you something,” Gary said. “We used to do this on XL.” He jammed a stick into the dirt, dislodging a few clods, then smoothed the hole out with his hand. “It’s way more comfortable if you make a hole for your hip. We called it a hip divot.” Then, miraculously, he lay down, fitted his hip into the divot, tucked one foot behind the other, and fell asleep.
>
> I couldn’t imagine sleeping. I sat cross-legged, brushing ash and insects off my skin, nudging the firewood to keep the flames bright. Mark said predators weren’t afraid of coals, so the fire needed constant tending. The night was noisy with rustling grass.
>
> It was almost funny to picture myself as a stranger would see me on TV. I’d be a topic, not a person anymore. The audience was fake to me, and I was fake to it.
>
> I took stock of our worldly possessions: A pile of firewood, plus straw to throw on the fire if animals came close. Our burlap sacks. A knife, a pot, a fire starter, and a Pulaski, which is a combination ax-adze. Two handheld cameras, called diary cams, which we’d use to record our experiences and observations. There was a camouflage drybag tucked under the firewood, which held a two-way radio, a whistle, and glow sticks for emergencies, plus tampons, a singular luxury.
>
> Something pinched my butt cheek, and I pulled a little scorpion off myself, tossed it into the fire. This was oddly reassuring. It hadn’t occurred to me that not all scorpions made you want to die.
>
> A twig cracked.
>
> “Gary,” I said.
>
> He was awake in an instant, one hand on the pot, one grasping a fistful of straw. We froze.
>
>
> Nothing.
>
> Then there were loud shrieks surrounding us, coming closer from every direction. They sounded like dog howls in reverse: oooooAAAA! oooooAAAA! I leaped over the fire and crouched beside Gary. He was already reaching for his diary cam. “There are hyenas all around us,” he whispered, while I put grass on the flames. “They’re circling us.” He aimed the camera at me.
>
> Later I learned that survivalists tend to compete for screen time, especially in dramatic moments that are likely to make the show, and Gary was offering to share the scene. But at the time, the camera seemed ridiculous. What was I supposed to do, perform? I just wanted the hyenas to go away.
>
> We shouted and banged the pot and built up the fire until a column of sparks rose into the sky and the heat forced us back. Slowly, over several minutes, the shrieks faded, but the darkness whispered all night. I didn’t sleep and kept the fire big. In the morning, we found fresh elephant tracks all around us; we were blocking a path, and a herd had passed just a few feet away. We spent the second day building a new boma a quarter mile to the north.
>
> This second boma was tucked under a fever-berry tree with lime green bark and overlooked a small pool of water in the sandy riverbed of the Limpopo. There was a soft patch of shade above the steep bank, almost like a balcony. We could sit there and watch animals drink, warthogs and antelope and elephants that threaded down natural ramps. The other side of the riverbed was Botswana, and we couldn’t go there, the crew warned us, couldn’t even set foot over the invisible line.

On Thursday, November 9, 2023 at 2:11:03 PM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> > Boma ~ home, dome, womb, tomb?
> > B + (xy)uam(bu)a?
> Ham @Anglo-Saxon : home, heim
>
> Malay rumah, from Classical Malay rumah (“house”), from Proto-Malayic *rumah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumah
>
> The word boma ultimately comes from the Persian word būm, which means "garrison, dwelling place, country, region".
>
> Bumi.putera or bumiputra (Jawi: بوميڤوترا‎, Native)
> The term is derived from the Sanskrit which was later absorbed into the classical Malay word bhumiputra (Sanskrit: भूमिपुत्र, romanized: bhū́mi.putra), which can be translated literally as "son of the land" or "son of the soil".
>
> Domus @Ltn < domos @Grk : domain
>
> Ximali @Azt: shield
>
> Homeground, homebase defending/protecting/shielding territory
>
> House/hut/shed is the constructed shelter, home is the base ~ fam.ily xyuambuatlay wambua(t)l
>
> homo- @Grk: same vs hetero- ; Homo @Ltn: human
>
> The prefix "homo-" comes from the Greek word homós, which means "same".
> It can also mean "equal, like," or "belonging to two or more jointly" [hut shared by parents?]

So finally.

Ximali similar share !hxaro xyuambuatla cognates: shared home/shield/ostrich eggshell trade

> > https://www.outsideonline.com/culture/books-media/naked-and-afraid-real-blair-braverman/
> >
> >

On Thursday, November 9, 2023 at 2:45:43 PM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> On Thursday, November 9, 2023 at 2:11:03 PM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> > > Boma ~ home, dome, womb, tomb?
> > > B + (xy)uam(bu)a?
> > Ham @Anglo-Saxon : home, heim
> >
> > Malay rumah, from Classical Malay rumah (“house”), from Proto-Malayic *rumah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumah
> >
> > The word boma ultimately comes from the Persian word būm, which means "garrison, dwelling place, country, region".
> >
> > Bumi.putera or bumiputra (Jawi: بوميڤوترا‎, Native)
> > The term is derived from the Sanskrit which was later absorbed into the classical Malay word bhumiputra (Sanskrit: भूमिपुत्र, romanized: bhū́mi.putra), which can be translated literally as "son of the land" or "son of the soil".
> >
> > Domus @Ltn < domos @Grk : domain
> >
> > Chimali @Azt: shield
> >
> > Homeground, homebase defending/protecting/shielding territory
> >
> > House/hut/shed is the constructed shelter, home is the base ~ fam.ily xyuambuatlay wambua(t)l
> >
> > homo- @Grk: same vs hetero- ; Homo @Ltn: human
> >
> > The prefix "homo-" comes from the Greek word homós, which means "same".
> > It can also mean "equal, like," or "belonging to two or more jointly" [hut shared by parents?]
> So finally.
>
> Chimalli similar share !hxaro xyuambuatla cognates: shared home/shield/ostrich eggshell trade

> > > https://www.outsideonline.com/culture/books-media/naked-and-afraid-real-blair-braverman/

Chuum, chuuq
cy.mbal/skin.bell

(T)uahuahtj(u)an(ka) =3xshield
Ykm @AEgypt: shield
Monguolu/Magal/magen/pacal

Magen/magal/pacal/ta.rga/wahachuanka/paahu.tu.wvota/tu.dung/ta.meng/si.paru/chi.malli/che.ltia@Azt: she.lter chi.ldren

Note: ta.mga/ta.maga@Mongol: stamp, round-seal, shield-shell?

Chimalli @Azt shield
Chuum @Nenets tipi
> Khamara@Arb: to cover
> > > > > > Khimar@Arb: a cover
> Chimal@Commanche: shield
> > > > > > Chimalli@Azt: shield
> > > > > > Sipar@Persian: shield
> > > > > > Pakal@Maya: shield (xyua lost due to forest canopy?)
> > > > > > Buckler@Egl: shield
Perisai, melindungi@Mly: shield
Kalkan@Trk: shield, (metal)
> > > > > *XY(ua)(M/b/P)a(R/LL)I from *Xyuambuatlay ~ cy.mbal/skin.bell/an.vil(turtle shell/swell/mabul)
> > > > > sy.mbol tamga-tamag@Mongolian: s.tamp/blaze/brand

> > > > skel- (1), *kel-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to cut."
> > > > It forms all or part of: coulter; cutlass; half; halve; scale (n.1) "skin plates on fish or snakes;" scale (n.2) "weighing instrument;" scalene; scallop; scalp; scalpel; school (n.2) "group of fish;" sculpture; shale; sheldrake; shelf; shell; shield; shoal (n.2) "large number;" skoal; skill. [DD: scute]
> > > >
> > > > shell (n.)
> > > > Old English sciell, scill, Anglian scell "seashell, eggshell," related to Old English scealu "shell, husk," from Proto-Germanic *skaljo "piece cut off; shell; scale" (source also of West Frisian skyl "peel, rind," Middle Low German schelle "pod, rind, egg shell," Gothic skalja "tile"), with the shared notion of "covering that splits off," from PIE root *skel- (1) "to cut." Italian scaglia "chip" is from Germanic. [DD: !hxaro]
> > > >
> > > > shelter (n.)
> > > > 1580s, "structure affording protection," possibly an alteration of Middle English sheltron, sheldtrume "roof or wall formed by locked shields," from Old English scyldtruma, from scield "shield" (see shield (n.)) + truma "troop," related to Old English trum "strong, firm, stable," from Proto-Germanic *trum-, from PIE *dru-mo-, suffixed form of root *deru- "be firm, solid, steadfast [DD: endura]
> > > >
> > > > Scute(n) Borrowed from Latin scutum (“shield”). Compare scutum, escudo and scudo. Scales of tortoise shell
> > > Scutum
> > > Etymology
> > > Referred to either Proto-Indo-European *skewH- (“to cover, protect”) or Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, split”). See obscūrus, Old Irish scíath, Russian щит (ščit). [DD: cover, protect, not cut]
> > >
> > > cuticle (n.)
> > > 1610s, "outer layer of the skin, epidermis," from Latin cuticula, diminutive of cutis "skin," from PIE root *(s)keu- "to cover, conceal" (source also of hide (n.1)). Specialized sense of "skin at the base of the nail" is from 1907
> > >
> > > cortex (n.)
> > > 1650s, "outer shell, husk;" in botany, zoology, anatomy, "some part or structure resembling bark or rind," from Latin cortex "bark of a tree" (from PIE root *sker- (1) "to cut"). Specifically of the brain, by 1741
> > >
> > > Neo-etymologists have confused skin-hide-cover with cut-split.
> > Escudo@Spn: shield
> > Escondido/a@Spn: hide

On Thursday, November 9, 2023 at 3:17:15 PM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> On Thursday, November 9, 2023 at 2:45:43 PM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> > On Thursday, November 9, 2023 at 2:11:03 PM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> > > > Boma ~ home, dome, womb, tomb?
> > > > B + (xy)uam(bu)a?
> > > Ham @Anglo-Saxon : home, heim
> > >
> > > Malay rumah, from Classical Malay rumah (“house”), from Proto-Malayic *rumah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumah
> > >
> > > The word boma ultimately comes from the Persian word būm, which means "garrison, dwelling place, country, region".
> > >
> > > Bumi.putera or bumiputra (Jawi: بوميڤوترا‎, Native)
> > > The term is derived from the Sanskrit which was later absorbed into the classical Malay word bhumiputra (Sanskrit: भूमिपुत्र, romanized: bhū́mi.putra), which can be translated literally as "son of the land" or "son of the soil".
> > >
> > > Domus @Ltn < domos @Grk : domain
> > >
> > > Chimali @Azt: shield
> > >
> > > Homeground, homebase defending/protecting/shielding territory
> > >
> > > House/hut/shed is the constructed shelter, home is the base ~ fam.ily xyuambuatlay wambua(t)l
> > >
> > > homo- @Grk: same vs hetero- ; Homo @Ltn: human
> > >
> > > The prefix "homo-" comes from the Greek word homós, which means "same".
> > > It can also mean "equal, like," or "belonging to two or more jointly" [hut shared by parents?]
> > So finally.
> >
> > Chimalli similar share !hxaro xyuambuatla cognates: shared home/shield/ostrich eggshell trade
>
> > > > https://www.outsideonline.com/culture/books-media/naked-and-afraid-real-blair-braverman/
>
> Chuum, chuuq
> cy.mbal/skin.bell
>
> (T)uahuahtj(u)an(ka) =3xshield
> Ykm @AEgypt: shield
> Monguolu/Magal/magen/pacal
>
> Magen/magal/pacal/ta.rga/wahachuanka/paahu.tu.wvota/tu.dung/ta.meng/si.paru/chi.malli/che.ltia@Azt: she.lter chi.ldren
>
> Note: ta.mga/ta.maga@Mongol: stamp, round-seal, shield-shell?
>
> Chimalli @Azt shield
> Chuum @Nenets tipi
> > Khamara@Arb: to cover
> > > > > > > Khimar@Arb: a cover
> > Chimal@Commanche: shield
> > > > > > > Chimalli@Azt: shield
> > > > > > > Sipar@Persian: shield
> > > > > > > Pakal@Maya: shield (xyua lost due to forest canopy?)
> > > > > > > Buckler@Egl: shield
> Perisai, melindungi@Mly: shield
> Kalkan@Trk: shield, (metal)
> > > > > > *XY(ua)(M/b/P)a(R/LL)I from *Xyuambuatlay ~ cy.mbal/skin.bell/an.vil(turtle shell/swell/mabul)
> > > > > > sy.mbol tamga-tamag@Mongolian: s.tamp/blaze/brand
>
> > > > > skel- (1), *kel-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to cut."
> > > > > It forms all or part of: coulter; cutlass; half; halve; scale (n.1) "skin plates on fish or snakes;" scale (n.2) "weighing instrument;" scalene; scallop; scalp; scalpel; school (n.2) "group of fish;" sculpture; shale; sheldrake; shelf; shell; shield; shoal (n.2) "large number;" skoal; skill. [DD: scute]
> > > > >
> > > > > shell (n.)
> > > > > Old English sciell, scill, Anglian scell "seashell, eggshell," related to Old English scealu "shell, husk," from Proto-Germanic *skaljo "piece cut off; shell; scale" (source also of West Frisian skyl "peel, rind," Middle Low German schelle "pod, rind, egg shell," Gothic skalja "tile"), with the shared notion of "covering that splits off," from PIE root *skel- (1) "to cut." Italian scaglia "chip" is from Germanic. [DD: !hxaro]
> > > > >
> > > > > shelter (n.)
> > > > > 1580s, "structure affording protection," possibly an alteration of Middle English sheltron, sheldtrume "roof or wall formed by locked shields," from Old English scyldtruma, from scield "shield" (see shield (n.)) + truma "troop," related to Old English trum "strong, firm, stable," from Proto-Germanic *trum-, from PIE *dru-mo-, suffixed form of root *deru- "be firm, solid, steadfast [DD: endura]
> > > > >
> > > > > Scute(n) Borrowed from Latin scutum (“shield”). Compare scutum, escudo and scudo. Scales of tortoise shell
> > > > Scutum
> > > > Etymology
> > > > Referred to either Proto-Indo-European *skewH- (“to cover, protect”) or Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, split”). See obscūrus, Old Irish scíath, Russian щит (ščit). [DD: cover, protect, not cut]
> > > >
> > > > cuticle (n.)
> > > > 1610s, "outer layer of the skin, epidermis," from Latin cuticula, diminutive of cutis "skin," from PIE root *(s)keu- "to cover, conceal" (source also of hide (n.1)). Specialized sense of "skin at the base of the nail" is from 1907
> > > >
> > > > cortex (n.)
> > > > 1650s, "outer shell, husk;" in botany, zoology, anatomy, "some part or structure resembling bark or rind," from Latin cortex "bark of a tree" (from PIE root *sker- (1) "to cut"). Specifically of the brain, by 1741
> > > >
> > > > Neo-etymologists have confused skin-hide-cover with cut-split.
> > > Escudo@Spn: shield
> > > Escondido/a@Spn: hide

Steppe, topo, tamga

What is steppe? A vast treeless plain. It might be shrubs, herbs, mosses, grasses, but few or no trees.

From German Steppe or French steppe, in turn from Russian степь (stepʹ, “flat grassy plain”) or Ukrainian степ (step). There is no generally accepted earlier etymology, but there is a speculative Old East Slavic reconstruction *сътепь (sŭtepĭ, “trampled place, flat, bare”), related to топот (topot), топтать (toptatĭ).
https://en.m.wiktionary.org › wiki

Is there a Croatian word similar to toptati or topot? [I asked Mario P]

Yes, "topot", trample. "Topot konja" is the sound horse hooves produce when running in steppe ('konj' means horse).
https://youtu.be/qEumcT_Z_B0?si=pcrQrj3wyH2SAzFI
It is very well described in this popular Russian song. The English title is 'Meadowlands':
https://youtu.be/qNBSetc9nNQ?si=bRZAbRtfBCL1BMjh
There is also a Croatian word "toptati", not used often. In this YouTube video (there is also a Croatian version) it is a Croatian translation of 'stomp', which is pretty close to 'steppe':
https://youtu.be/JkUXNzQej4I?si=KbvG6HPgKVmb63Z2&t=197
Stomp', in turn, is similar to Croatian 'stupati', which is what soldiers do. [March] The title on this video is half Russian (I suppose). The word 'topot' (or something similar, I know Serbian cyrillic, in this word there is one letter that I don't know) is the third from left, and in American half of the title this is translated as 'stomp'. Croats would say 'stupanje', or 'stupati;, while for horses doing the same would be 'topot' or 'toptati' in Croatian:
https://youtu.be/yExQZ15Dt1E?si=yQCIW3wWc9RmQ8MI

Steppe step stamp stampede trample
tamga @ Turkish : stamp

In dry season, on open plains, by running hoofed quadrupeds, not in damp forest soils by bipeds or climbing cats or walking elephants. [Dampen is to wet but also to quiet]

Must be the same as topo-graphy/logy, like a topo map that shows height and depth per 1' interval steps.

Pas in French negates, but means step, probably from stepas or so.

Is step linked to stegos @Grk: roof, via stepped shingles/tiles, which appears linked to shield?

The word stego- comes from the Ancient Greek word stégos, which means "roof". It is a combining form that means "cover" and is used in the formation of compound words.
Steganography: Comes from the Greek word steganosgraphia, which combines the words steganós (covered or concealed) and -graphia (writing)

In the Bible, the word stego means "cover, conceal, protect". For example, in the New Testament Greek Lexicon, stego means "by covering to keep off something which threatens, to bear up against, hold out against, and so endure, bear, forbear".

Is step linked to estufa @Spn: stove or stupa @Hind: temple? Carlos L. claimed link to both tepetl @Azt: mountain and temple, perhaps tempo & temper.

Stegosaurus

Maru @ Jpn : 円, 丸 (まる, maru, “circle”, also a suffix for ship names).

Te maru @ Maori : place of shelter

Malu @Mly : shame, shy (shielded, shaded, hide)

Maybe from Mongolu M(uAngu)ALU dome shield shelter hide from sun, with circular periphery; but why not kupharigolu?

On Tuesday, November 14, 2023 at 1:07:40 AM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> Maru @ Jpn : 円, 丸 (まる, maru, “circle”, also a suffix for ship names).
>
> Te maru @ Maori : place of shelter
>
> Malu @Mly : shame, shy (shielded, shaded, hide)
>
> Maybe from Mongolu M(uAngu)ALU dome shield shelter hide from sun, with circular periphery; but why not kupharigolu?

Note: Maori & Malay had no bowl boat coracles and did not make dome huts, Japan had round floating baskets which Ama divers filled with seafood and laid on to rest, ancient Jomon had circular huts while Ainu had square huts, coracle basket boats used in Vietnam & India.

Coracle (Wel)/curragh (Ire) ~ cwrg.wl ~ kupharigolu ~ kudhru (Tibet)/parical (Karnataka

On Thursday, November 9, 2023 at 3:17:15 PM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> On Thursday, November 9, 2023 at 2:45:43 PM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> > On Thursday, November 9, 2023 at 2:11:03 PM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> > > > Boma ~ home, dome, womb, tomb?
> > > > B + (xy)uam(bu)a?
> > > Ham @Anglo-Saxon : home, heim
> > >
> > > Malay rumah, from Classical Malay rumah (“house”), from Proto-Malayic *rumah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumah
> > >
> > > The word boma ultimately comes from the Persian word būm, which means "garrison, dwelling place, country, region".
> > >
> > > Bumi.putera or bumiputra (Jawi: بوميڤوترا‎, Native)
> > > The term is derived from the Sanskrit which was later absorbed into the classical Malay word bhumiputra (Sanskrit: भूमिपुत्र, romanized: bhū́mi.putra), which can be translated literally as "son of the land" or "son of the soil".
> > >
> > > Domus @Ltn < domos @Grk : domain
> > >
> > > Chimali @Azt: shield
> > >
> > > Homeground, homebase defending/protecting/shielding territory
> > >
> > > House/hut/shed is the constructed shelter, home is the base ~ fam.ily xyuambuatlay wambua(t)l
> > >
> > > homo- @Grk: same vs hetero- ; Homo @Ltn: human
> > >
> > > The prefix "homo-" comes from the Greek word homós, which means "same".
> > > It can also mean "equal, like," or "belonging to two or more jointly" [hut shared by parents?]
> > So finally.
> >
> > Chimalli similar share !hxaro xyuambuatla cognates: shared home/shield/ostrich eggshell trade
>
> > > > https://www.outsideonline.com/culture/books-media/naked-and-afraid-real-blair-braverman/
>
> Chuum, chuuq
> cy.mbal/skin.bell
>
> (T)uahuahtj(u)an(ka) =3xshield
> Ykm @AEgypt: shield
> Monguolu/Magal/magen/pacal
>
> Magen/magal/pacal/ta.rga/wahachuanka/paahu.tu.wvota/tu.dung/ta.meng/si.paru/chi.malli/che.ltia@Azt: she.lter chi.ldren
>
> Note: ta.mga/ta.maga@Mongol: stamp, round-seal, shield-shell?
>
> Chimalli @Azt shield
> Chuum @Nenets tipi
> > Khamara@Arb: to cover
> > > > > > > Khimar@Arb: a cover
> > Chimal@Commanche: shield
> > > > > > > Chimalli@Azt: shield
> > > > > > > Sipar@Persian: shield
> > > > > > > Pakal@Maya: shield (xyua lost due to forest canopy?)
> > > > > > > Buckler@Egl: shield

> Perisai, melindungi@Mly: shield

Perisai @Mly: shield ~ paricel, kup.(h)arigolu Indic coracle

Melindungi @Mly: shield ~ mela @Grk: dark; malu @Mly: shy, shame, shield; maru @Jpn: circle

Loss of chi- (chimal, chimalli), si-, (sipar) leaves meli, malu, maru

Mail/maille armor? Net bag mesh

mail (n.2)

"metal ring armor," c. 1300, from Old French maille "link of mail, mesh of net," from Latin macula "mesh in a net," originally "spot, blemish," on notion that the gaps in a net or mesh looked like spots. Its use dates from late Roman times. The favorite armor in Europe 12c.-13c., it was effective, but heavy and costly.

mail (n.1)
"post, letters," c. 1200, "a traveling bag, sack for keeping small articles of personal property," a sense now obsolete, from Old French male "wallet, bag, bundle," from Frankish *malha or some other Germanic source, from Proto-Germanic *malho- (source also of Old High German malaha "wallet, bag," Middle Dutch male "bag"), from PIE *molko- "skin, bag.
(Molko @PIE: skin, bag? Not skin, but body?)

Melangun @Indon.: practice of a nomadic tribe in Sumatra (Suku Anak Dalam, tribe children interior) which moves when a member dies (same as Mbuti)
https://southeastasiaglobe.com/nomad-indigenous-rights-indonesia/

> Kalkan@Trk: shield, (metal)
> > > > > > *XY(ua)(M/b/P)a(R/LL)I from *Xyuambuatlay ~ cy.mbal/skin.bell/an.vil(turtle shell/swell/mabul)
> > > > > > sy.mbol tamga-tamag@Mongolian: s.tamp/blaze/brand
>
> > > > > skel- (1), *kel-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to cut."
> > > > > It forms all or part of: coulter; cutlass; half; halve; scale (n.1) "skin plates on fish or snakes;" scale (n.2) "weighing instrument;" scalene; scallop; scalp; scalpel; school (n.2) "group of fish;" sculpture; shale; sheldrake; shelf; shell; shield; shoal (n.2) "large number;" skoal; skill. [DD: scute]
> > > > >
> > > > > shell (n.)
> > > > > Old English sciell, scill, Anglian scell "seashell, eggshell," related to Old English scealu "shell, husk," from Proto-Germanic *skaljo "piece cut off; shell; scale" (source also of West Frisian skyl "peel, rind," Middle Low German schelle "pod, rind, egg shell," Gothic skalja "tile"), with the shared notion of "covering that splits off," from PIE root *skel- (1) "to cut." Italian scaglia "chip" is from Germanic. [DD: !hxaro]
> > > > >
> > > > > shelter (n.)
> > > > > 1580s, "structure affording protection," possibly an alteration of Middle English sheltron, sheldtrume "roof or wall formed by locked shields," from Old English scyldtruma, from scield "shield" (see shield (n.)) + truma "troop," related to Old English trum "strong, firm, stable," from Proto-Germanic *trum-, from PIE *dru-mo-, suffixed form of root *deru- "be firm, solid, steadfast [DD: endura]
> > > > >
> > > > > Scute(n) Borrowed from Latin scutum (“shield”). Compare scutum, escudo and scudo. Scales of tortoise shell
> > > > Scutum
> > > > Etymology
> > > > Referred to either Proto-Indo-European *skewH- (“to cover, protect”) or Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, split”). See obscūrus, Old Irish scíath, Russian щит (ščit). [DD: cover, protect, not cut]
> > > >
> > > > cuticle (n.)
> > > > 1610s, "outer layer of the skin, epidermis," from Latin cuticula, diminutive of cutis "skin," from PIE root *(s)keu- "to cover, conceal" (source also of hide (n.1)). Specialized sense of "skin at the base of the nail" is from 1907
> > > >
> > > > cortex (n.)
> > > > 1650s, "outer shell, husk;" in botany, zoology, anatomy, "some part or structure resembling bark or rind," from Latin cortex "bark of a tree" (from PIE root *sker- (1) "to cut"). Specifically of the brain, by 1741
> > > >
> > > > Neo-etymologists have confused skin-hide-cover with cut-split.
> > > Escudo@Spn: shield
> > > Escondido/a@Spn: hide

On Wednesday, November 15, 2023 at 9:59:46 AM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> On Thursday, November 9, 2023 at 3:17:15 PM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> > On Thursday, November 9, 2023 at 2:45:43 PM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> > > On Thursday, November 9, 2023 at 2:11:03 PM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> > > > > Boma ~ home, dome, womb, tomb?
> > > > > B + (xy)uam(bu)a?
> > > > Ham @Anglo-Saxon : home, heim
> > > >
> > > > Malay rumah, from Classical Malay rumah (“house”), from Proto-Malayic *rumah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumah
> > > >
> > > > The word boma ultimately comes from the Persian word būm, which means "garrison, dwelling place, country, region".
> > > >
> > > > Bumi.putera or bumiputra (Jawi: بوميڤوترا‎, Native)
> > > > The term is derived from the Sanskrit which was later absorbed into the classical Malay word bhumiputra (Sanskrit: भूमिपुत्र, romanized: bhū́mi.putra), which can be translated literally as "son of the land" or "son of the soil".
> > > >
> > > > Domus @Ltn < domos @Grk : domain
> > > >
> > > > Chimali @Azt: shield
> > > >
> > > > Homeground, homebase defending/protecting/shielding territory
> > > >
> > > > House/hut/shed is the constructed shelter, home is the base ~ fam.ily xyuambuatlay wambua(t)l
> > > >
> > > > homo- @Grk: same vs hetero- ; Homo @Ltn: human
> > > >
> > > > The prefix "homo-" comes from the Greek word homós, which means "same".
> > > > It can also mean "equal, like," or "belonging to two or more jointly" [hut shared by parents?]
> > > So finally.
> > >
> > > Chimalli similar share !hxaro xyuambuatla cognates: shared home/shield/ostrich eggshell trade
> >
> > > > > https://www.outsideonline.com/culture/books-media/naked-and-afraid-real-blair-braverman/
> >
> > Chuum, chuuq
> > cy.mbal/skin.bell
> >
> > (T)uahuahtj(u)an(ka) =3xshield
> > Ykm @AEgypt: shield
> > Monguolu/Magal/magen/pacal
> >
> > Magen/magal/pacal/ta.rga/wahachuanka/paahu.tu.wvota/tu.dung/ta.meng/si.paru/chi.malli/che.ltia@Azt: she.lter chi.ldren
> >
> > Note: ta.mga/ta.maga@Mongol: stamp, round-seal, shield-shell?
> >
> > Chimalli @Azt shield
> > Chuum @Nenets tipi
> > > Khamara@Arb: to cover
> > > > > > > > Khimar@Arb: a cover
> > > Chimal@Commanche: shield
> > > > > > > > Chimalli@Azt: shield
> > > > > > > > Sipar@Persian: shield
> > > > > > > > Pakal@Maya: shield (xyua lost due to forest canopy?)
> > > > > > > > Buckler@Egl: shield
>
> > Perisai, melindungi@Mly: shield
> Perisai @Mly: shield ~ paricel, kup.(h)arigolu Indic coracle
>
> Melindungi @Mly: shield ~ mela @Grk: dark; malu @Mly: shy, shame, shield; maru @Jpn: circle
>
> Loss of chi- (chimal, chimalli), si-, (sipar) leaves meli, malu, maru
>
> Mail/maille armor? Net bag mesh
>
> mail (n.2)
>
> "metal ring armor," c. 1300, from Old French maille "link of mail, mesh of net," from Latin macula "mesh in a net," originally "spot, blemish," on notion that the gaps in a net or mesh looked like spots. Its use dates from late Roman times. The favorite armor in Europe 12c.-13c., it was effective, but heavy and costly.
>
> mail (n.1)
> "post, letters," c. 1200, "a traveling bag, sack for keeping small articles of personal property," a sense now obsolete, from Old French male "wallet, bag, bundle," from Frankish *malha or some other Germanic source, from Proto-Germanic *malho- (source also of Old High German malaha "wallet, bag," Middle Dutch male "bag"), from PIE *molko- "skin, bag.
> (Molko @PIE: skin, bag? Not skin, but body?)
>
>
> Melangun @Indon.: practice of a nomadic tribe in Sumatra (Suku Anak Dalam, tribe children interior) which moves when a member dies (same as Mbuti)
> https://southeastasiaglobe.com/nomad-indigenous-rights-indonesia/
> > Kalkan@Trk: shield, (metal)
> > > > > > > *XY(ua)(M/b/P)a(R/LL)I from *Xyuambuatlay ~ cy.mbal/skin.bell/an.vil(turtle shell/swell/mabul)
> > > > > > > sy.mbol tamga-tamag@Mongolian: s.tamp/blaze/brand
> >
> > > > > > skel- (1), *kel-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to cut."
> > > > > > It forms all or part of: coulter; cutlass; half; halve; scale (n.1) "skin plates on fish or snakes;" scale (n.2) "weighing instrument;" scalene; scallop; scalp; scalpel; school (n.2) "group of fish;" sculpture; shale; sheldrake; shelf; shell; shield; shoal (n.2) "large number;" skoal; skill. [DD: scute]
> > > > > >
> > > > > > shell (n.)
> > > > > > Old English sciell, scill, Anglian scell "seashell, eggshell," related to Old English scealu "shell, husk," from Proto-Germanic *skaljo "piece cut off; shell; scale" (source also of West Frisian skyl "peel, rind," Middle Low German schelle "pod, rind, egg shell," Gothic skalja "tile"), with the shared notion of "covering that splits off," from PIE root *skel- (1) "to cut." Italian scaglia "chip" is from Germanic. [DD: !hxaro]
> > > > > >
> > > > > > shelter (n.)
> > > > > > 1580s, "structure affording protection," possibly an alteration of Middle English sheltron, sheldtrume "roof or wall formed by locked shields," from Old English scyldtruma, from scield "shield" (see shield (n.)) + truma "troop," related to Old English trum "strong, firm, stable," from Proto-Germanic *trum-, from PIE *dru-mo-, suffixed form of root *deru- "be firm, solid, steadfast [DD: endura]
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Scute(n) Borrowed from Latin scutum (“shield”). Compare scutum, escudo and scudo. Scales of tortoise shell
> > > > > Scutum
> > > > > Etymology
> > > > > Referred to either Proto-Indo-European *skewH- (“to cover, protect”) or Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, split”). See obscūrus, Old Irish scíath, Russian щит (ščit). [DD: cover, protect, not cut]
> > > > >
> > > > > cuticle (n.)
> > > > > 1610s, "outer layer of the skin, epidermis," from Latin cuticula, diminutive of cutis "skin," from PIE root *(s)keu- "to cover, conceal" (source also of hide (n.1)). Specialized sense of "skin at the base of the nail" is from 1907
> > > > >
> > > > > cortex (n.)
> > > > > 1650s, "outer shell, husk;" in botany, zoology, anatomy, "some part or structure resembling bark or rind," from Latin cortex "bark of a tree" (from PIE root *sker- (1) "to cut"). Specifically of the brain, by 1741
> > > > >
> > > > > Neo-etymologists have confused skin-hide-cover with cut-split.
> > > > Escudo@Spn: shield
> > > > Escondido/a@Spn: hide

Here compare chimal.li & sipar with supra @Skrt & zuber @Grm:

Xyuambuatl ~ summer
> >>>>>>>>>> Xyuamb ~ sum, sieve, sift, seven, shabbo
> >>>>>>>>> Re. Oldeuropeancultureblog entry: Ganesha
> >>>>>>>>>
> >>>>>>>>> That Ganesha represents the bountiful harvest can be seen from one of his names "suprakarna". Supra means winnowing basket.
> >>>>>>>>> Supra@Sanskrit: winnowing basket
> >>>>>>>>> Supra ~ XYUamBUA ~ sieve/shift/shave/save
> >>>>>>>> Shiver: shaking of winnowing basket to sieve grain, ochre powder after pounding
> >>>>>> Latin Phrase
> >>>>>> vidē suprā: view above (text) = surface of domeshield
> >>>>>> Antonym vidē īnfrā: view below/inside domeshield
> >>>>>>
> >>>>>> Supra winnowing basket must be lifted above and shivered to sift to be effective and unclogged.
> >>>>>> Shovel-basket (woven) was used after antler picks to sift or scoop dirt etc.
> >>>>>> Supra xyuambua shovel lopar/lopat upo ll.upo lift/shift
> >>>>>>>> Aqu.iver c.over s.uper upper/uber kophar kufarigolu/coracle inverted domeshield/monguolu
> >>>>>>>> Acq.uire c.ollect/c.ollate (same-sized) grains of grasses/clay/sands/shavings
> >>>>>>>> Ashes collected for what? Potash? Enrich soil? Tanning hides?
> >>>>>>>> Azt: olin, p.otli mb.uatlaya b.ounty/p.ound/foundry
> >>>>>>> Olah@Heb: burnt offerings (shewbread?), ashes?, remainder/shabbu.a.t.h
> >>>>>>> Olha@Bsq: forge, foundry, pounded
> >>>>>>> Olīn@Azt: quake/aquiver, movement/motion
> >>>>>>>
> >>>>>>> Olin is both a surname and a given name. There are various meanings of the name: Old Norse origin: of the ancestors or "ancestor's heir" or "family's descendant". Swedish: "to inherit". Classical Nahuatl: "movement" or "quake"
> >>>>>>>>> Tapas@Sanskrit: "warmth, heat, fire"
> >>>>>>>>> cf Apa@Mbuti: campfire, ember
> >>>>>>>>>
> >>>>>>>>> Tapas is a variety of austere spiritual practices in Indian religions. Basically it's asceticism, inner cleansing...The word "Tapas" which means "warmth, heat, fire", is based on the root Tap (तप्) meaning "to heat, to give out warmth, to shine, to burn". The term evolves to also mean "to suffer, to mortify the body, undergo penance" in order to "burn away past karma" and liberate oneself...But I believe that originally it just meant to suffer (from heat, thirst and hunger) during the last few scorching hot months before the grain harvest (Apr-May) and before the monsoon returns (May-Jun)...This is the "Tapas" endured by Gajasura before "Shiva started dancing in his belly"...Before the monsoon returned and the elephant Musth started...
> >>>>
> >>>>> At 5.30 in this youtube video of a Vietnamese woman building a jungle house, a basket shovel is used to move dirt, it can also be used to sieve.
> >>>>> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tt9mdc8VpDc
> >>>>
> >>>> A visit to Papua by a Javanese woman tourist, cutting sago tree, harvesting the pulp, processing into flour pancakes, kahm = hammer to pound pulp, troughs to sift sago powder in water, sumur = well, product put into store bags looks like cottage cheese
> >>>> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpMIaCmwhFQ&t=315s
> >>>>
> >>>> A visit to Papua by a Javanese woman tourist, 11:00 eating huge grubs from rotting sagu/sago "tidak ada rasnya"="not have (strong) taste", 9:45 baby carried in net bag on back, longhouse, building a tall house & shingling with fold palm fronds
> >>>> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGOYnLdW4qg
> >>>>
> >>>> Dusun@Indon: hamlet ~ desa, kampong

Mongolu @Mbuti : dome hut
Magoro @ Zambia : dugout canoe
Bolsa @ Spn : raft

Literate - lettered
Iterate - repeated, duplicate
Reiterate - repeated again, replicate

On Monday, November 20, 2023 at 3:33:36 PM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> On Friday, November 17, 2023 at 7:20:19 PM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> > Mongolu @Mbuti : dome hut
> > Magoro @ Zambia : dugout canoe
> > Bolsa @ Spn : raft

Maimai @Maori(?) : a hunting blind, a hide
Chimal, chimalli : shield
(Xyua) mbuatl(ay) ~ (chi) mal(li) ~ ma(l)i x2 = maimai